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      Flexible Capacitive Electrodes for Minimizing Motion Artifacts in Ambulatory Electrocardiograms

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          Abstract

          This study proposes the use of flexible capacitive electrodes for reducing motion artifacts in a wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) device. The capacitive electrodes have conductive foam on their surface, a shield, an optimal input bias resistor, and guarding feedback. The electrodes are integrated in a chest belt, and the acquired signals are transmitted wirelessly for ambulatory heart rate monitoring. We experimentally validated the electrode performance with subjects standing and walking on a treadmill at speeds of up to 7 km/h. The results confirmed the highly accurate heart rate detection capacity of the developed system and its feasibility for daily-life ECG monitoring.

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          Dry-contact and noncontact biopotential electrodes: methodological review.

          Gert Cauwenberghs, Y Chi, Tzyy-Ping Jung (2009)
          Recent demand and interest in wireless, mobile-based healthcare has driven significant interest towards developing alternative biopotential electrodes for patient physiological monitoring. The conventional wet adhesive Ag/AgCl electrodes used almost universally in clinical applications today provide an excellent signal but are cumbersome and irritating for mobile use. While electrodes that operate without gels, adhesives and even skin contact have been known for many decades, they have yet to achieve any acceptance for medical use. In addition, detailed knowledge and comparisons between different electrodes are not well known in the literature. In this paper, we explore the use of dry/noncontact electrodes for clinical use by first explaining the electrical models for dry, insulated and noncontact electrodes and show the performance limits, along with measured data. The theory and data show that the common practice of minimizing electrode resistance may not always be necessary and actually lead to increased noise depending on coupling capacitance. Theoretical analysis is followed by an extensive review of the latest dry electrode developments in the literature. The paper concludes with highlighting some of the novel systems that dry electrode technology has enabled for cardiac and neural monitoring followed by a discussion of the current challenges and a roadmap going forward.
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            A wireless wearable ECG sensor for long-term applications

            Ebrahim Nemati, William Deen, Tapas Mondal (2012)
            Article 0 comments Cited 81 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              A wearable smartphone-based platform for real-time cardiovascular disease detection via electrocardiogram processing.

              Joseph Oresko, Allen Cheng, Heather Duschl (2010)
              Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the single leading cause of global mortality and is projected to remain so. Cardiac arrhythmia is a very common type of CVD and may indicate an increased risk of stroke or sudden cardiac death. The ECG is the most widely adopted clinical tool to diagnose and assess the risk of arrhythmia. ECGs measure and display the electrical activity of the heart from the body surface. During patients' hospital visits, however, arrhythmias may not be detected on standard resting ECG machines, since the condition may not be present at that moment in time. While Holter-based portable monitoring solutions offer 24-48 h ECG recording, they lack the capability of providing any real-time feedback for the thousands of heart beats they record, which must be tediously analyzed offline. In this paper, we seek to unite the portability of Holter monitors and the real-time processing capability of state-of-the-art resting ECG machines to provide an assistive diagnosis solution using smartphones. Specifically, we developed two smartphone-based wearable CVD-detection platforms capable of performing real-time ECG acquisition and display, feature extraction, and beat classification. Furthermore, the same statistical summaries available on resting ECG machines are provided.
              Article 0 comments Cited 78 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date Collection: August 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 August 2014
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 14732-14743
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea; E-Mails: dynamicjs@ 123456snu.ac.kr (J.S.L.); hjeong20@ 123456bmsil.snu.ac.kr (J.H.); wongyu86@ 123456bmsil.snu.ac.kr (W.K.L.)
                [2 ] Department of Oriental Biomedical Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju 220-702, Korea; E-Mail: yglim@ 123456sangji.ac.kr
                [3 ] Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-803, Korea; E-Mail: yh92.kim@ 123456samsung.com
                [4 ] Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: pks@ 123456bmsil.snu.ac.kr ; Tel.: +82-2-2072-3135; Fax: +82-2-3676-2821.
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-14-14732
                DOI: 10.3390/s140814732
                PMC ID: 4179047
                PubMed ID: 25120162
                SO-VID: 34ec23ba-feba-4709-8025-12d383208d69
                Copyright © © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 24 June 2014
                Date revision received : 05 August 2014
                Date accepted : 07 August 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: capacitive electrode,flexible electrode,ambulatory electrocardiogram
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: capacitive electrode, flexible electrode, ambulatory electrocardiogram

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