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      Exploring perceptions of gender roles amongst sexually active adolescents in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

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          Abstract

          Traditional gender and social norms reinforce asymmetrical power relations, increase the risk of experiencing gender-based violence and mediate poor engagement with sexual and reproductive health services. This study explored gender norms and expectations amongst cisgender adolescents in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A purposive sample of 29 adolescents aged 16–19 years old were enrolled as part of a longitudinal qualitative study. The current analysis reports on the first round of in-depth interviews, which focused on the role of men and women in their community. A theoretically informed thematic analysis identified three broad themes: 1) Adolescent interpretation and understanding of gender identity, 2) Gendered essentialism and Gender roles (two sub-themes: Young men: Power through providing, and Young women: The domestication process which highlighted that gender roles were defined by being the provider for men, and the successful fulfilment of traditional domestic behaviours amongst women), 3) Gender and fertility highlighted how participants highly valued fertility as affirming of manhood/womanhood. These norms reinforce gender roles that maintain asymmetrical power relations, carrying them over into adulthood. The subtle social pressure to prove fertility could have unintended consequences for driving teenage pregnancy. Structural, gender-based interventions emphasising positive gender-role development in early childhood are needed.

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          Using thematic analysis in psychology

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            Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept

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              Application of the theory of gender and power to examine HIV-related exposures, risk factors, and effective interventions for women.

              Developed by Robert Connell, the theory of gender and power is a social structural theory based on existing philosophical writings of sexual inequality and gender and power imbalance. According to the theory of gender and power, there are three major social structures that characterize the gendered relationships between men and women: the sexual division of labor, the sexual division of power, and the structure of cathexis. The aim of this article is to apply an extended version of the theory of gender and power to examine the exposures, social/behavioral risk factors, and biological properties that increase women's vulnerability for acquiring HIV. Subsequently, the authors review several public health level HIV interventions aimed at reducing women's HIV risk. Employing the theory of gender and power among women marshals new kinds of data, asks new and broader questions with regard to women and their risk of HIV, and, most important, creates new options for prevention.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                18 January 2024
                2024
                : 19
                : 1
                : e0296806
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
                [2 ] Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
                [3 ] Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
                [4 ] School of Public Health, Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
                [5 ] Centre for Community Based Research, Human Sciences Research Council, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
                [6 ] Department of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
                University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Health Sciences, SOUTH AFRICA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8503-4127
                Article
                PONE-D-23-11309
                10.1371/journal.pone.0296806
                10795977
                38236914
                340d55b9-c4f6-49e0-830c-358dd8666245
                © 2024 Marshall et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 17 April 2023
                : 19 December 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 2, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001321, National Research Foundation;
                Award ID: TTK200403511178
                Award Recipient :
                Financial Disclosure Statement. This work was supported by the South Africa National Research Foundation’s Thuthuka Funding under Grant [number TTK200403511178]. There was no additional external funding received for this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
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                Adolescents
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                Adolescents
                People and Places
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                People and Places
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                Psychology
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                Neuroscience
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                Women's Health
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