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      Encefalopatía por hiperamoniemia en el adolescente Translated title: Encephalopathy by hyperammonemia in the teenager

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          Abstract

          Fundamento. La hiperamoniemia origina múltiples alteraciones, principalmente en el sistema nervioso central. Si el fallo hepático no es su causa, deberán investigarse otras etiologías menos frecuentes intentando llegar a un diagnóstico definitivo. Caso clínico. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 16 años que ingresó por encefalopatía aguda e hiperamoniemia. Tras realización de analítica, TAC cerebral, ecografía y Doppler abdominal, se inició tratamiento empírico de hiperamoniemia secundaria a un error innato del ciclo de la urea. Se trató el edema cerebral y se tomaron medidas para eliminación del amoniaco sin resultado favorable, falleciendo a los cuatro días del ingreso. Conclusiones. El complejo manejo de la hiperamoniemia y la alta morbi-mortalidad que conlleva requiere un manejo multidisciplinar. La instauración de tratamiento precoz e identificación de la causa son claves para mejorar los resultados.

          Translated abstract

          Background. Hyperammonemia causes several alterations, mainly in the central nervous system. If hepatic failure is not its etiology, other less frequent causes must be investigated in the search for a definitive diagnosis. Clinical case. We report the case of a 16 year old patient admitted for acute encephalopathy and hyperammonemia. After analysis, brain CT, ultrasound and abdominal Doppler, we began empirical treatment of hyperammoniemia secondary to disorders of the urea cycle. We treated the brain edema and eliminated ammonia but we did not obtain favourable results and the patient died four days later. Conclusions. The complex management of hyperammonemia and the high morbidity and mortality involved require a multidisciplinary approach. Only early treatment and identification of the hyperammonemia´s etiology can avoid high morbidity and mortality in these patients.

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          Most cited references25

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          Neurologic outcome in children with inborn errors of urea synthesis. Outcome of urea-cycle enzymopathies.

          We studied 26 children with inborn errors of urea synthesis who survived neonatal hyperammonemic coma. There was a 92 per cent one-year survival rate associated with nitrogen-restriction therapy and stimulation of alternative pathways of waste nitrogen excretion. Seventy-nine per cent of the children had one or more developmental disabilities at 12 to 74 months of age; the mean IQ was 43 +/- 6. There was a significant negative linear correlation between duration of Stage III or IV neonatal hyperammonemic coma and IQ at 12 months (r = -0.72, P less than 0.001) but not between the peak ammonium level (351 to 1800 microM) and IQ. There was also a significant correlation between CT abnormalities and duration of hyperammonemic coma (r = 0.85, P less than 0.01) and between CT abnormalities and concurrent IQ (r = -0.75, P less than 0.02). These results suggest that prolonged neonatal hyperammonemic coma is associated with brain damage and impairment of intellectual function. This outcome may be prevented by early diagnosis and therapy.
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            Current role of liver transplantation for the treatment of urea cycle disorders: a review of the worldwide English literature and 13 cases at Kyoto University.

            To address the current role of liver transplantation (LT) for urea cycle disorders (UCDs), we reviewed the worldwide English literature on the outcomes of LT for UCD as well as 13 of our own cases of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for UCD. The total number of cases was 51, including our 13 cases. The overall cumulative patient survival rate is presumed to be more than 90% at 5 years. Most of the surviving patients under consideration are currently doing well with satisfactory quality of life. One advantage of LDLT over deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) is the opportunity to schedule surgery, which beneficially affects neurological consequences. Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation (APOLT) is no longer considered significant for the establishment of gene therapies or hepatocyte transplantation but plays a significant role in improving living liver donor safety; this is achieved by reducing the extent of the hepatectomy, which avoids right liver donation. Employing heterozygous carriers of the UCDs as donors in LDLT was generally acceptable. However, male hemizygotes with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) must be excluded from donor candidacy because of the potential risk of sudden-onset fatal hyperammonemia. Given this possibility as well as the necessity of identifying heterozygotes for other disorders, enzymatic and/or genetic assays of the liver tissues in cases of UCDs are essential to elucidate the impact of using heterozygous carrier donors on the risk or safety of LDLT donor-recipient pairs. In conclusion, LT should be considered to be the definitive treatment for UCDs at this stage, although some issues remain unresolved.
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              Hepatocyte transplantation followed by auxiliary liver transplantation--a novel treatment for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.

              We report the first successful use of hepatocyte transplantation as a bridge to subsequent auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation (APOLT) in a child antenatally diagnosed with severe ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency. A total of 1.74 x 10(9) fresh and cryopreserved hepatocytes were administered intraportally into the liver over a period of 6 months. Immunosuppression was with tacrolimus and prednisolone. A sustained decrease in ammonia levels and a gradual increase in serum urea were observed except during episodes of sepsis in the first 6 months of life. The patient was able to tolerate a normal protein intake and presented a normal growth and neurological development. APOLT was successfully performed at 7 months of age. We conclude that hepatocyte transplantation can be used in conjunction with APOLT as an effective treatment for severe OTC-deficient patients, improving neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                asisna
                Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra
                Anales Sis San Navarra
                Gobierno de Navarra. Departamento de Salud (Pamplona, Navarra, Spain )
                1137-6627
                December 2009
                : 32
                : 3
                : 447-451
                Affiliations
                [03] Zaragoza orgnameHospital Clínico Universitario de Zaragoza orgdiv1Servicio de Medicina Interna
                [01] Zaragoza orgnameHospital Clínico Universitario de Zaragoza orgdiv1Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos
                [02] Zaragoza orgnameHospital Clínico Universitario de Zaragoza orgdiv1Servicio de Aparato Digestivo
                Article
                S1137-66272009000500016
                10.4321/s1137-66272009000500016
                34045373-8165-4cfa-b820-e54b9d4c1202

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 April 2009
                : 01 September 2009
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 15, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Hiperamoniemia,Ciclo de la urea,Hyperammonemia,Urea cycle

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