Acute schistosomiasis: clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features

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Abstract

Three distinct syndromes caused by schistosomiasis have been described: cercarial dermatitis or swimmer's itch, acute schistosomiasis or Katayama fever, and chronic schistosomiasis. Complications of acute schistosomiasis have also been reported. The absence of a serological marker for the acute stage has hindered early diagnosis and treatment. Recently, an ELISA test using KLH (keyhole limpet haemocyanin) as antigen, has proved useful in differentiating acute from chronic schistosomiasis mansoni. Clinical and experimental evidence indicate that steroids act synergistically with schistosomicides in the treatment of Katayama syndrome. In this paper, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features of acute schistosomiasis are updated.

Translated abstract

A esquistossomose apresenta-se clinicamente em três formas distintas: dermatite cercariana, esquistossomose aguda ou febre de Katayama e esquistossomose crônica. Há na literatura relatos de complicações da fase aguda. A ausencia de um marcador sorológico simples e confiável tem dificultado o diagnóstico precoce e, como consequência, o tratamento adequado de pacientes na fase aguda da doença. Recentemente, o teste de ELISA, realizado com o antígeno KLM (hemocianina do caramujo Megathura crenulata), tem se mostrado util na identificação dos pacientes com febre de Katayama. Evidências clínicas e experimentais apontam no sentido de uma ação sinérgica entre os corticosteróides e os esquistossomicidas no tratamento da esquistossomose toxêmica. Neste artigo, alguns aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos da esquistossomose aguda são atualizados.

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Spinal cord schistosomiasis. A clinical, laboratory and radiological study, with a note on therapeutic aspects.

H Haribhai, A I Bhigjee, P L Bill … (1991)

Fourteen patients with schistosomiasis of the spinal cord are described. They fall into two groups: 7 patients had clinical and computer-assisted myelographic evidence of lesions in the conus medullaris or cauda equina, or both. The clinical picture in the remaining 7 patients was usually that of acute or subacute transverse myelitis with normal or equivocal CT myelographic appearances. Granulomas containing bilharzial ova were found in 2 female patients with conus swelling subjected to laminectomy and biopsy. In 1 of these the ova were identified as S. haematobium while in the second, unidentified bilharzial ova were found. A presumptive diagnosis of spinal cord schistosomiasis was made in the remaining 12 patients based on characteristic clinical and investigative profiles. All 13 patients tested showed evidence of bilharzial infection based on positive blood serology or the detection of bilharzial ova, or both. All but 1 patient showed at least one of the following abnormalities on CSF examination: pleocytosis, an elevated protein content and as indicated by the presence of oligoclonal IgG bands, an elevated IgG index and an increased CSF IgG synthesis rate. A CSF bilharzia enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test, developed to indicate the presence of schistosomal infection within the theca, was found to be sensitive although not entirely specific for the diagnosis of spinal cord schistosomiasis. Eleven of the 14 patients showed rapid clinical improvement, 8 after praziquantel and corticosteroid treatment, 2 after operation and 1 spontaneously. Significant reductions in the CSF cell count, protein concentration and bilharzia ELISA titre, and in intrathecal antibody production, occurred following praziquantel and corticosteroid therapy. The CSF sugar level showed a significant rise. A reduction in conus size was observed in 3 patients when CT myelography was repeated after medical therapy. The normalization of most of the laboratory parameters after combined medical treatment with praziquantel and corticosteroids, together with clinical and radiological improvement, strengthened the presumptive diagnosis of cord schistosomiasis and supports the policy of early intensive medical treatment (as opposed to surgical therapy) for this condition when diagnosed on indirect evidence.