Prevalence, knowledge and attitude of prohibited substances use (doping) among Saudi sport players

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Abstract

Background

To estimate the lifetime prevalence and address the attitudes and knowledge of using prohibited substances (doping) among sport players in Saudi Arabia.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey carried out using systematic random sampling technique among Saudi players of variable sports attending the sport clubs, stadiums, and sport fields (70 sport clubs, 22 types of sports belong to 22 Saudi sport federations were visted in 18 cities from all regions of Saudi Arabia).

Results

A total of 1142 male sport players were interviewed with main age of 24. The prevalence of using prohibited substances (doping) was 4.3 %. The main reason for using prohibited substances was to improve performance (69 %). The prevalence of using food supplements (not prohibited) was 38.4 %. Among the players, 30 % of them believe that such behavior is against the spirit of sport while 70 % of the players are aware of punishment against doping. 65 % of players admitted that they received advice on prohibited substances. Higher rate of using prohibited substances (doping) among Saudi players was associated with low education, age below 20 years, previous use of food supplements and lack of punishment awareness.

Conclusion

Using prohibited substances (doping) among Saudi sport players is common. Players believe that such use is against the spirit of the sport and they are aware about its punishment, despite this, they are still using prohibited substances.

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Most cited references 9

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Use of Dietary Supplements among Professional Athletes in Saudi Arabia

Sulaiman Aljaloud, Salam Ibrahim (2013)

The objective of this study was to understand the usage patterns of dietary supplements among professional athletes in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of sixteen questions divided into four categories: use of supplements, reason for consumption of supplements, personal beliefs about supplements, and behavior. The questionnaires were given to the three teams residing in Riyadh: Al Hilal, Al Nasr, and Al-Shabab. Out of the 105 athletes surveyed, we found that only 98 are currently taking dietary supplements and the mean age and standard deviation were 25.74 ± 2.90. The survey results showed a high percentage of athletes (93.3%; n = 98) using different dietary supplements throughout the season, 43.8% (n = 43) reported using supplements for performance, and 32.6% (n = 32) believed in health benefits as a reason for using dietary supplements. Our results showed that a total of 87 (88.7%), 81 (82.6%), and 51 (52.0%) athletes are consuming sports drinks, vitamin C, and multivitamins, respectively. Meanwhile, those supplements ranking among the least used included omega 6 (18.6%), creatine (16.3%), and Ginkgo biloba (10.2%). A majority of athletes indicated that their use of supplements was for the purpose of improving their health and performance.

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Drugs, recreational drug use and attitudes towards doping of high school athletes.

C Binsinger, P Laure, T Lecerf … (2004)

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the substances used, and the attitudes towards doping of high school athletes. A four-page, self-completed questionnaire was designed to determine the drugs used (licit, illicit and doping substances) along with beliefs about doping and the psychosociological factors associated with their consumption. The questionnaire was distributed to all the high school students enrolled in a school sports association in the Lorraine region in Eastern France. The completed forms were received from 1459 athletes: 4 % stated that they had used doping agents at least once in their life (their main source of supply being peers and health professionals). Thirty-four percent of the sample smoked some tobacco, 66 % used alcohol, 19 % cannabis, 4 % ecstasy, 10 % tranquillizers, 9 % hypnotics, 4 % creatine and 41 % used vitamins against fatigue. Beliefs about doping did not differ among doping agent users and non-users, except for the associated health risks which were minimized by users. Users of doping agents stated that the quality of the relations that they maintain with their parents is sharply degraded, and they reported that they are susceptible to influence and difficult to live with. More often than non-doping agent users, these adolescents are neither happy, nor healthy, while paradoxically, they seem less anxious and they are more self-confident. Our findings suggest that doping prevention among young athletes cannot be limited uniquely to the list of banned drugs.

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Evaluation of prevalence of "doping" among Italian athletes.

L Bernardi, G Benzi, Samuel V. Scarpino … (1990)

To evaluate knowledge of, attitudes to, and use of illegal drugs and other forms of "doping" in sport 1015 Italian athletes and 216 coaches, doctors, and managers (technicians) were interviewed after selection on a quota basis. Overall, 30% of athletes, managers, and coaches and 21% of doctors indicated that athletic performance can be enhanced by drugs or other doping practices. Over 10% of athletes indicated a frequent use of amphetamines or anabolic steroids at national or international level, fewer athletes mentioning blood doping (7%) and beta-blockers (2%) or other classes of drugs. These proportions were 2-3 times higher for occasional use than for frequent use. Estimates by managers and coaches were much the same as those of athletes when allowance was made for larger random variation. 62% of athletes who acknowledged doping reported pressure to do so from coaches and managers. According to over 70% of athletes access to illegal substances was not difficult. Both athletes and technicians awarded higher scores to risk than to efficacy for any substance, although 42-67% of athletes and technicians regarded amphetamines and anabolic steroids as efficacious. 82% wanted stricter controls not only during competitions but also during training.

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Author and article information

Contributors

M. Al Ghobain: alanezi@hotmail.com

M. S. Konbaz: alkonbaz@saadc.org

A. Almassad: almasaed@saadc.org

A. Alsultan: asalsultan@hotmail.com

M. Al Shubaili: mu_hd_sh@hotmail.com

O. AlShabanh: shabanah@KSU.EDU.SA

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy

Title: Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1747-597X

Publication date (Electronic): 16 April 2016

Publication date PMC-release: 16 April 2016

Publication date Collection: 2016

Volume: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: 14

Affiliations

[ ]Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, PO Box 90068, Riyadh, 11321 Saudi Arabia

[ ]Saudi Arabian Anti-Doping Committee, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

[ ]Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

[ ]Department of Medicine, South Armed Forces Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia

[ ]Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Article

Publisher ID: 58

DOI: 10.1186/s13011-016-0058-1

PMC ID: 4833935

PubMed ID: 27083557

SO-VID: 32da81b0-078e-4cb8-bc14-b53fe0eba97c

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 28 December 2015

Date accepted : 11 April 2016

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Health & Social care

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Prevalence, knowledge and attitude of prohibited substances use (doping) among Saudi sport players

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Abstract

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Tobacco Prevention & Cessation

Most cited references 9

Use of Dietary Supplements among Professional Athletes in Saudi Arabia

Drugs, recreational drug use and attitudes towards doping of high school athletes.

Evaluation of prevalence of "doping" among Italian athletes.

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Cited by 9

Most referenced authors 247