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      Liquid biopsies: the future of cancer early detection

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          Abstract

          Cancer is a worldwide pandemic. The burden it imposes grows steadily on a global scale causing emotional, physical, and financial strains on individuals, families, and health care systems. Despite being the second leading cause of death worldwide, many cancers do not have screening programs and many people with a high risk of developing cancer fail to follow the advised medical screening regime due to the nature of the available screening tests and other challenges with compliance. Moreover, many liquid biopsy strategies being developed for early detection of cancer lack the sensitivity required to detect early-stage cancers. Early detection is key for improved quality of life, survival, and to reduce the financial burden of cancer treatments which are greater at later stage detection. This review examines the current liquid biopsy market, focusing in particular on the strengths and drawbacks of techniques in achieving early cancer detection. We explore the clinical utility of liquid biopsy technologies for the earlier detection of solid cancers, with a focus on how a combination of various spectroscopic and -omic methodologies may pave the way for more efficient cancer diagnostics.

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          Cancer statistics, 2022

          Rebecca Siegel, Kimberly D Miller, Hannah Fuchs … (2022)
          Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence and outcomes. Incidence data (through 2018) were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data (through 2019) were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2022, 1,918,030 new cancer cases and 609,360 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States, including approximately 350 deaths per day from lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer death. Incidence during 2014 through 2018 continued a slow increase for female breast cancer (by 0.5% annually) and remained stable for prostate cancer, despite a 4% to 6% annual increase for advanced disease since 2011. Consequently, the proportion of prostate cancer diagnosed at a distant stage increased from 3.9% to 8.2% over the past decade. In contrast, lung cancer incidence continued to decline steeply for advanced disease while rates for localized-stage increased suddenly by 4.5% annually, contributing to gains both in the proportion of localized-stage diagnoses (from 17% in 2004 to 28% in 2018) and 3-year relative survival (from 21% to 31%). Mortality patterns reflect incidence trends, with declines accelerating for lung cancer, slowing for breast cancer, and stabilizing for prostate cancer. In summary, progress has stagnated for breast and prostate cancers but strengthened for lung cancer, coinciding with changes in medical practice related to cancer screening and/or treatment. More targeted cancer control interventions and investment in improved early detection and treatment would facilitate reductions in cancer mortality.
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            Cancer statistics for the year 2020: An overview

            Jacques Ferlay, Murielle Colombet, Isabelle Soerjomataram … (2021)
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              DNA methylation and its basic function.

              Lisa Moore, Thuc Le, Guoping Fan (2013)
              In the mammalian genome, DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism involving the transfer of a methyl group onto the C5 position of the cytosine to form 5-methylcytosine. DNA methylation regulates gene expression by recruiting proteins involved in gene repression or by inhibiting the binding of transcription factor(s) to DNA. During development, the pattern of DNA methylation in the genome changes as a result of a dynamic process involving both de novo DNA methylation and demethylation. As a consequence, differentiated cells develop a stable and unique DNA methylation pattern that regulates tissue-specific gene transcription. In this chapter, we will review the process of DNA methylation and demethylation in the nervous system. We will describe the DNA (de)methylation machinery and its association with other epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modifications and noncoding RNAs. Intriguingly, postmitotic neurons still express DNA methyltransferases and components involved in DNA demethylation. Moreover, neuronal activity can modulate their pattern of DNA methylation in response to physiological and environmental stimuli. The precise regulation of DNA methylation is essential for normal cognitive function. Indeed, when DNA methylation is altered as a result of developmental mutations or environmental risk factors, such as drug exposure and neural injury, mental impairment is a common side effect. The investigation into DNA methylation continues to show a rich and complex picture about epigenetic gene regulation in the central nervous system and provides possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Matthew J. Baker: matthew.baker@dxcover.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Transl Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Transl Med
                Title: Journal of Translational Medicine
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1479-5876
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 February 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 11 February 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 21
                Electronic Location Identifier: 118
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Dxcover Ltd., Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW UK
                [2 ]GRID grid.11984.35, ISNI 0000000121138138, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, , University of Strathclyde, ; 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G11XL UK
                [3 ]GRID grid.4305.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7988, Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, 49 Little France Crescent, , University of Edinburgh, ; Edinburgh, EH16 4BS UK
                [4 ]GRID grid.412332.5, ISNI 0000 0001 1545 0811, Department of Radiation Oncology, , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, ; Columbus, OH 43210 USA
                [5 ]GRID grid.7943.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2167 3843, School of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, , University of Central Lancashire, ; Preston, PR1 2HE UK
                Article
                Publisher ID: 3960
                DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03960-8
                PMC ID: 9922467
                PubMed ID: 36774504
                SO-VID: 32cec33f-b995-4c30-9995-2ab8f2e368ed
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2023
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 28 November 2022
                Date accepted : 1 February 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2023

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: liquid biopsy,multi-cancer,early detection,cancer,diagnostics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: liquid biopsy, multi-cancer, early detection, cancer, diagnostics

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