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      Effect of crude protein level in high grain diets on calf growth and feed utilization Translated title: Efeito do nível de proteína em rações alto grão no crescimento dos bezerros e eficiência de uso da ração Translated title: Efecto del nivel de proteína en raciones alto grano sobre el crecimiento de terneros y eficiencia de utilización del alimento

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          Abstract

          Abstract: This study assessed the effect of crude protein level in the diet on animal performance, feed conversion ratio and N utilization, in early-weaned lot-fed calves. Four iso-energetic rations were formulated (me: 12.0 MJ/kg dm) differing in the crude protein content (cp: 12%, 15%, 17% and 21%, dm basis), and offered in a random experimental design to 24 Hereford calves (107.2 ± 21.5 kg). Animals were individually housed and fed ad libitum twice a day for 84 days. Increasing cp levels in the diet promoted a quadratic response (P<0.01) for dry matter intake (kg/d) and liveweight gain (lwg, kg/d), with maximum lwg of 1.36 kg/d for cp= 17.5%, without differences in subcutaneous back fat thickness (3.70 ± 0.73 mm, P = 0.25) or feed conversion ratio (4.44 ± 0.26, P> 0.10). As cp increased in the diet, N consumption increased quadratically (P <0.01), and an improvement was observed for cp (P = 0.053) and ndf (P = 0.020) apparent digestibility. Daily excretion of N in feces tended to decrease (P = 0.06), while urea-N concentration both in blood (P = 0.013) and urine (P = 0.046) increased. These results show that a level of 17% cp in the diet would optimize the performance of lot-fed early-weaned beef calves while controlling the excretion of N to the environment.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: No presente trabalho avaliou-se o efeito do nível de proteína bruta na dieta sobre o crescimento, a eficiência da conversão alimentar e a utilização de N em bezerros confinados ao desmame precoce. Quatro rações isoenergéticas foram formuladas (ME: 12,0 MJ / kg de MS) diferindo no teor de proteína bruta (PB: 12%, 15%, 17% e 21% de MS) e oferecidas num delineamento inteiramente casualizado a 24 bezerros Hereford (107,2 ± 21,5 kg). Os animais foram alojados individualmente e alimentados ad libitum em 2 refeições diárias durante 84 dias. O consumo de matéria seca (kg / d) e o ganho de peso vivo (GP, kg / d) aumentaram quadraticamente (P <0,01) com o aumento do teor de PB, registrando GP máximo de 1,36 kg / d para PB = 17,5%, sem diferenças na espessura da gordura dorsal (3,70 ± 0,73 mm, P = 0,25) ou no índice de conversão (4,44 ± 0,26; P> 0,10). Com o aumento da PB na dieta, o consumo de N aumentou quadraticamente (P <0,01), e a digestibilidade aparente da PB (P = 0,053) e da FDN (P = 0,020) melhorou. A excreção diária de N nas fezes tendeu a diminuir (P = 0,06), enquanto a concentração de N da uréia no sangue (P = 0,013) e na urina (P = 0,046) aumentou em ambos os casos. Os resultados mostraram que um nível de PB de 17% na dieta otimizaria o desempenho de bezerros desmamados precocemente no confinamento, controlando simultaneamente a excreção de N para o ambiente.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto del nivel de proteína bruta en la dieta sobre el crecimiento, eficiencia de conversión del alimento y utilización del N en terneros de destete precoz alimentados en confinamiento. Fueron formuladas cuatro raciones isoenergéticas (me: 12,0 MJ/ kg ms), difiriendo en el contenido de proteína bruta (pb: 12 %, 15 %, 17 % y 21 % de la ms), y ofrecidas en un diseño completamente aleatorizado a 24 terneros Hereford (107,2 ± 21,5 kg). Los animales fueron estabulados individualmente y alimentados ad libitum en dos comidas diarias durante 84 días. El consumo de materia seca (kg/d) y la ganancia de peso vivo (gp, kg/d) aumentaron en forma cuadrática (P<0,01) al incrementarse el contenido de pb, registrándose gp máximas de 1,36 kg/d para PB= 17,5 %, sin diferencias en el espesor de grasa dorsal (3,70 ± 0,73 mm, P=0,25) ni en el índice de conversión (4,44 ± 0,26; P>0,10). Conforme aumentó la pb en la dieta, el consumo de N aumentó de forma cuadrática (P<0,01), y mejoró la digestibilidad aparente de la pb (P=0,053) y la fdn (P=0,020). La excreción diaria de N en heces tendió a disminuir (P= 0,06), mientras que la concentración de N ureico en sangre (P=0,013) y en orina (P=0,046) aumentó en ambos casos. Los resultados demostraron que un nivel de 17 % de pb en la dieta optimizaría la performance de terneros destetados precozmente a corral, simultáneamente controlando la excreción de N al ambiente.

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          Using blood urea nitrogen to predict nitrogen excretion and efficiency of nitrogen utilization in cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, and rats.

          The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential for using blood urea N concentration to predict urinary N excretion rate, and to develop a mathematical model to estimate important variables of N utilization for several different species of farm animals and for rats. Treatment means (n = 251) from 41 research publications were used to develop mathematical relationships. There was a strong linear relationship between blood urea N concentration (mg/100 mL) and rate of N excretion (g x d(-1) x kg BW(-1)) for all animal species investigated. The N clearance rate of the kidney (L of blood cleared of urea x d(-1) x kg BW(-1)) was greater for pigs and rats than for herbivores (cattle, sheep, goats, horses). A model was developed to estimate parameters of N utilization. Driving variables for the model included blood urea N concentration (mg/100 mL), BW (kg), milk production rate (kg/d), and ADG (kg/d), and response variables included urinary N excretion rate (g/d), fecal N excretion rate (g/d), rate of N intake (g/d), and N utilization efficiency (N in milk and gain per unit of N intake). Prediction errors varied widely depending on the variable and species of animal, with most of the variation attributed to study differences. Blood urea N concentration (mg/100 mL) can be used to predict relative differences in urinary N excretion rate (g/d) for animals of a similar type and stage of production within a study, but is less reliable across animal types or studies. Blood urea N concentration (mg/100 mL) can be further integrated with estimates of N digestibility (g/g) and N retention (g/d) to predict fecal N (g/d), N intake (g/d), and N utilization efficiency (grams of N in milk and meat per gram of N intake). Target values of blood urea N concentration (mg/100 mL) can be backcalculated from required dietary N (g/d) and expected protein digestibility. Blood urea N can be used in various animal species to quantify N utilization and excretion rates.
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            Effects of crude protein concentration and degradability on performance, carcass characteristics, and serum urea nitrogen concentrations in finishing beef steers.

            Two experiments were conducted at two locations to determine the effects of dietary CP concentration and source on performance, carcass characteristics, and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) concentrations of finishing beef steers. British x Continental steers were blocked by BW (357 +/- 28 and 305 +/- 25 kg initial BW; n = 360 and 225; four and five pens per treatment in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively). Steam-flaked corn-based diets were arranged in a 3 x 3 factorial with three CP concentrations (11.5, 13, or 14.5% of DM) and three sources of supplemental CP (N basis): 100% urea; 50:50 blend of urea and cottonseed meal; or 100% cottonseed meal. Steers in both experiments were initially implanted with Ralgro and reimplanted with Revalor-S on d 56. Performance and carcass data were pooled across locations. Crude protein concentration x source interactions were not observed (P = 0.22 to 0.93) for performance and carcass data. Crude protein concentration affected ADG (P = 0.02) and carcass-adjusted (to a common dressing percent within location) ADG quadratically (P = 0.06). Increasing the concentration of supplemental urea linearly increased carcass-adjusted ADG and G:F (P < 0.05) and carcass-adjusted G:F (P < 0.001). Dry matter intake was not affected (P = 0.93) by either CP concentration or source. Hot carcass weight (HCW; P = 0.02), LM area (P = 0.05), and dressing percent (P = 0.03) increased linearly with increasing urea concentration, whereas increasing CP concentration quadratically affected HCW (P = 0.02), with a maximum at 13% CP. Differences in backfat thickness and yield grade were negligible across treatments. Neither marbling score nor percentage of carcasses grading USDA Choice was affected by CP concentration or source. At all times measured, SUN concentrations increased (P < 0.05) with increasing CP concentration, but effects of CP source were small and variable across time. Results indicate that increasing CP concentrations from 11.5 to 13% slightly increased ADG and carcass-adjusted ADG, whereas increasing the proportion of supplemental urea increased carcass-adjusted ADG, G:F, and carcass-adjusted G:F and increased HCW, LM area, and dressing percent. A CP concentration above 13% seemed detrimental to ADG and HCW. Serum urea N increased over time, with CP concentration having a greater effect than CP source.
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              Growth and body composition of dairy calves fed milk replacers containing different amounts of protein at two feeding rates.

              Previous research has demonstrated that increasing the CP concentration from 16 to 26% in milk replacers fed to male preruminant dairy calves at 1.5% of BW (DM basis) daily resulted in increased ADG, G:F, and deposition of lean tissue. However, the effects of dietary CP would be expected to vary depending on ME intake. Here, male Holstein calves < 1 wk old were used to determine the effects of feeding rate and CP concentration of isocaloric, whey protein-based milk replacers on growth and body composition. After a 2-wk standardization period, calves were assigned randomly to an initial baseline group or to treatments in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of feeding rate (1.25 or 1.75% of BW daily, DM basis) and milk replacer CP concentration (14, 18, 22, or 26% of DM). No starter was offered, but calves had free access to water. After a 5-wk feeding period, calves were slaughtered and body composition was determined. Increasing the feeding rate increased (P < 0.05) ADG, G:F, empty-body gains of chemical components and energy, the percentage of fat in empty BW gain and in the final empty body, and concentrations of IGF-I and insulin in plasma. Increasing the feeding rate decreased (P < 0.01) percentages of water and protein in the empty body and decreased urea N in plasma. Increasing dietary CP concentration linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG, body length, heart girth, and gains of water and protein but linearly decreased (P < 0.05) fat gain. As dietary CP increased, fat content in empty body gain decreased, and water and protein increased. Increasing CP concentration increased (quadratic, P < 0.02) G:F, with greatest efficiencies for calves fed 22% CP. Gross energetic efficiency (retained energy:intake energy) was greater (P < 0.05) for calves fed at 1.75% of BW daily. Efficiency of dietary protein use for protein gain was greater for calves fed at 1.75% of BW daily but was not affected by dietary CP. The ratio of protein gain to apparently digestible protein intake above maintenance decreased as dietary CP increased. Interactions (P < 0.05) of feeding rate and CP concentration for gains of water and protein indicated that when dietary CP was 26% the ME supply limited protein use by calves fed at 1.25% of BW daily. Body composition of preruminant calves can be markedly altered by manipulating the protein to energy ratio in milk replacers. These dietary effects on body composition and growth are not predicted by current NRC standards.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                agro
                Agrociencia Uruguay
                Agrociencia Uruguay
                Facultad de Agronomía - Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (Montevideo, , Uruguay )
                1510-0839
                2301-1548
                2020
                : 24
                : 2
                : e111
                Affiliations
                [1] Paysandú Paysandú orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Facultad de Agronomía Uruguay
                Article
                S2301-15482020000202309 S2301-1548(20)02400202309
                10.31285/agro.24.111
                32a48887-5c73-49d0-ab86-0461aa7d0c51

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 September 2020
                : 09 August 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Uruguay

                Categories
                Articles

                crecimiento,N utilization,bezerros,destete precoz,calves,desmame precoce,crescimento,terneros,consumo,uso de N,early weaning,utilización de N,growth,intake

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