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      Effectiveness of Epipharyngeal Abrasive Therapy on Chronic Epipharyngitis and the Exhaled Nitric Oxide Levels

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          Abstract

          Objective

          Considering the possibility that eosinophilic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic epipharyngitis, this study determined whether or not the exhaled nitric oxide level of patients changed after epipharyngeal abrasive therapy (EAT). The diagnosis and follow-up of patients with chronic epipharyngitis were based on the endoscopic findings. If the exhaled nitric oxide level reflects the pathology of a patient with chronic epipharyngitis, the exhaled nitric oxide test can be performed for a follow-up examination as an objective test for chronic epipharyngitis.

          Methods

          The study period was 12 months, starting from February 2020. The age distribution and patients’ median age and gender were retrospectively reviewed using medical records. Exhaled nitric oxide levels were measured before and after endoscopic EAT at the initial examination and before and after blind EAT at the follow-up examination.

          Patients

          Ninety-six new patients were included in this study.

          Results

          The study included 27 men and 69 women [median age (range), 45 (17-82) years old]. When patients with chronic epipharyngitis were treated using EAT, exhaled nitric oxide levels were significantly lower after EAT than before EAT at the initial visit. Six months after EAT, the exhaled nitric oxide level was significantly lower than that at the initial visit.

          Conclusion

          During the follow-up examination of patients with chronic epipharyngitis, the exhaled nitric oxide test may be an effective objective test, along with changes in endoscopic findings.

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          Most cited references19

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          ATS/ERS recommendations for standardized procedures for the online and offline measurement of exhaled lower respiratory nitric oxide and nasal nitric oxide, 2005.

          , (2005)
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            Eosinophilic airway disorders associated with chronic cough.

            Akio Niimi, Hisako Matsumoto, Michiaki Mishima (2009)
            Chronic cough is a major clinical problem. The causes of chronic cough can be categorized into eosinophilic and noneosinophilic disorders, the former being comprised of asthma, cough variant asthma (CVA), atopic cough (AC) and non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB). Cough is one of the major symptoms of asthma. Cough in asthma can be classified into three categories; 1) CVA: asthma presenting solely with coughing, 2) cough-predominant asthma: asthma predominantly presenting with coughing but also with dyspnea and/or wheezing, and 3) cough remaining after treatment with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and beta2-agonists in patients with classical asthma, despite control of other symptoms. There may be two subtypes in the last category; one is cough responsive to anti-mediator drugs such as leukotriene receptor antagonists and histamine H1 receptor antagonists, and the other is cough due to co-morbid conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux. CVA is one of the commonest causes of chronic isolated cough. It shares a number of pathophysiological features with classical asthma with wheezing such as atopy, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophilic airway inflammation and various features of airway remodeling. One third of adult patients may develop wheezing and progress to classical asthma. As established in classical asthma, ICS is considered the first-line treatment, which improves cough and may also reduce the risk of progression to classical asthma. AC proposed by Fujimura et al. presents with bronchodilator-resistant dry cough associated with an atopic constitution. It involves eosinophilic tracheobronchitis and cough hypersensitivity and responds to ICS treatment, while lacking in AHR and variable airflow obstruction. These features are shared by non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB). However, atopic cough does not involve bronchoalveolar eosinophilia, has no evidence of airway remodeling, and rarely progresses to classical asthma, unlike CVA and NAEB. Histamine H1 antagonists are effective in atopic cough, but their efficacy in NAEB is unknown. AHR of NAEB may improve with ICS within the normal range. Taken together, NAEB significantly overlaps with atopic cough, but might also include milder cases of CVA with very modest AHR. The similarity and difference of these related entities presenting with chronic cough and characterized by airway eosinophilia will be discussed.
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              Clinical Utility Of The Exhaled Nitric Oxide (NO) Measurement With Portable Devices In The Management Of Allergic Airway Inflammation And Asthma

              Sy Duong-Quy (2019)
              Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is a potential bioactive gas produced continuously and constantly in the airways of healthy subjects. In allergic airway inflammation, the level of exhaled NO is usually increased and mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme presenting in the epithelium and different inflammatory cells. The measurement of NO concentration in the airway is possible with portable devices which use an electroluminescence technique. In subjects with upper airway with allergic inflammation such as in allergic rhinitis, the measurement of nasal NO (nNO) may help to diagnose and manage the disease. In the lower airway, increased fractional exhaled NO (FENO) reflects directly the inflammatory process that occurs in the airways that are typically seen in asthma. It has been shown that there is a strong correlation between FENO levels and increased activity of airway inflammation mediated by immuno-allergic cells and mediators. Thus, FENO has higher specificity and sensitivity than other methods in diagnosing the severity of inflammation in asthmatic patients. Moreover, the correlation between increased FENO levels and a high risk of bronchial hyperresponsiveness has also been demonstrated. FENO is also a relevant biomarker to evaluate asthma status due to the change of its values occurring earlier than clinical manifestations and spirometry parameters. In addition, the measurement of FENO with portable devices helps to support the diagnosis of asthma, to follow-up the control of asthma and to personalize asthmatic patients for target treatment with biologic therapy. Therefore, measuring FENO with portable devices in the diagnosis and treatment of allergic airway inflammation, especially in asthma, is one of the most essential applications of NO biomarkers in exhaled breath.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Intern Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Intern Med
                Title: Internal Medicine
                Publisher: The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine
                ISSN (Print): 0918-2918
                ISSN (Electronic): 1349-7235
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 September 2022
                Publication date (Print): 15 April 2023
                Volume: 62
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 1139-1144
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Mogitate ENT Clinic, Japan
                Author notes

                Correspondence to Dr.　Manabu Mogitate, mogitateentjp@ 123456m08.itscom.net

                Article
                DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9761-22
                PMC ID: 10183283
                PubMed ID: 36130898
                SO-VID: 32a40105-6e7f-4590-b79d-207c71a50247
                Copyright © Copyright © 2023 by The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine
                License:

                The Internal Medicine is an Open Access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view the details of this license, please visit ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 13 March 2022
                Date accepted : 2 August 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: chronic epipharyngitis,epipharyngeal abrasive therapy (eat),exhaled nitric oxide test,nasopharynx,nitric oxide
                Data availability:
                Keywords: chronic epipharyngitis, epipharyngeal abrasive therapy (eat), exhaled nitric oxide test, nasopharynx, nitric oxide

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