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      Red seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis) supplementation reduces enteric methane by over 80 percent in beef steers

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          Abstract

          The red macroalgae (seaweed) Asparagopsis spp. has shown to reduce ruminant enteric methane (CH 4) production up to 99% in vitro. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Asparagopsis taxiformis on CH 4 production (g/day per animal), yield (g CH 4/kg dry matter intake (DMI)), and intensity (g CH 4/kg ADG); average daily gain (ADG; kg gain/day), feed conversion efficiency (FCE; kg ADG/kg DMI), and carcass and meat quality in growing beef steers. Twenty-one Angus-Hereford beef steers were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups: 0% (Control), 0.25% (Low), and 0.5% (High) A. taxiformis inclusion based on organic matter intake. Steers were fed 3 diets: high, medium, and low forage total mixed ration (TMR) representing life-stage diets of growing beef steers. The Low and High treatments over 147 days reduced enteric CH 4 yield 45 and 68%, respectively. However, there was an interaction between TMR type and the magnitude of CH 4 yield reduction. Supplementing low forage TMR reduced CH 4 yield 69.8% ( P <0.01) for Low and 80% ( P <0.01) for High treatments. Hydrogen (H 2) yield (g H 2/DMI) increased ( P <0.01) 336 and 590% compared to Control for the Low and High treatments, respectively. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) yield (g CO 2/DMI) increased 13.7% between Control and High treatments (P = 0.03). No differences were found in ADG, carcass quality, strip loin proximate analysis and shear force, or consumer taste preferences. DMI tended to decrease 8% ( P = 0.08) in the Low treatment and DMI decreased 14% ( P <0.01) in the High treatment. Conversely, FCE tended to increase 7% in Low ( P = 0.06) and increased 14% in High ( P <0.01) treatment compared to Control. The persistent reduction of CH 4 by A. taxiformis supplementation suggests that this is a viable feed additive to significantly decrease the carbon footprint of ruminant livestock and potentially increase production efficiency.

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          Methane emissions from cattle.

          Increasing atmospheric concentrations of methane have led scientists to examine its sources of origin. Ruminant livestock can produce 250 to 500 L of methane per day. This level of production results in estimates of the contribution by cattle to global warming that may occur in the next 50 to 100 yr to be a little less than 2%. Many factors influence methane emissions from cattle and include the following: level of feed intake, type of carbohydrate in the diet, feed processing, addition of lipids or ionophores to the diet, and alterations in the ruminal microflora. Manipulation of these factors can reduce methane emissions from cattle. Many techniques exist to quantify methane emissions from individual or groups of animals. Enclosure techniques are precise but require trained animals and may limit animal movement. Isotopic and nonisotopic tracer techniques may also be used effectively. Prediction equations based on fermentation balance or feed characteristics have been used to estimate methane production. These equations are useful, but the assumptions and conditions that must be met for each equation limit their ability to accurately predict methane production. Methane production from groups of animals can be measured by mass balance, micrometeorological, or tracer methods. These techniques can measure methane emissions from animals in either indoor or outdoor enclosures. Use of these techniques and knowledge of the factors that impact methane production can result in the development of mitigation strategies to reduce methane losses by cattle. Implementation of these strategies should result in enhanced animal productivity and decreased contributions by cattle to the atmospheric methane budget.
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            Influence of hydrogen on rumen methane formation and fermentation balances through microbial growth kinetics and fermentation thermodynamics

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              Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                17 March 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 3
                : e0247820
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
                [2 ] Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
                [3 ] College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
                United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                [¤]

                Current address: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America

                ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-7103
                Article
                PONE-D-20-25425
                10.1371/journal.pone.0247820
                7968649
                33730064
                325cd84e-7268-4438-9bf1-a9c33400035f
                © 2021 Roque et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 13 August 2020
                : 13 February 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 6, Pages: 20
                Funding
                Funded by: Elm Innovations
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008118, Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment;
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000008, David and Lucile Packard Foundation;
                This research received financial support from Elm Innovations, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and the Grantham Foundation. Financial Support was only used to cover the costs of conducting the experiment only. Funders did not have a role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript’.
                Categories
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                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Mammals
                Bovines
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