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Abstract
The integrated information theory (IIT) starts from phenomenology and makes use of
thought experiments to claim that consciousness is integrated information. Specifically:
(i) the quantity of consciousness corresponds to the amount of integrated information
generated by a complex of elements; (ii) the quality of experience is specified by
the set of informational relationships generated within that complex. Integrated information
(Phi) is defined as the amount of information generated by a complex of elements,
above and beyond the information generated by its parts. Qualia space (Q) is a space
where each axis represents a possible state of the complex, each point is a probability
distribution of its states, and arrows between points represent the informational
relationships among its elements generated by causal mechanisms (connections). Together,
the set of informational relationships within a complex constitute a shape in Q that
completely and univocally specifies a particular experience. Several observations
concerning the neural substrate of consciousness fall naturally into place within
the IIT framework. Among them are the association of consciousness with certain neural
systems rather than with others; the fact that neural processes underlying consciousness
can influence or be influenced by neural processes that remain unconscious; the reduction
of consciousness during dreamless sleep and generalized seizures; and the distinct
role of different cortical architectures in affecting the quality of experience. Equating
consciousness with integrated information carries several implications for our view
of nature.