Long COVID: An overview

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Abstract

Background and aims

Long COVID is the collective term to denote persistence of symptoms in those who have recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Methods

WE searched the pubmed and scopus databases for original articles and reviews. Based on the search result, in this review article we are analyzing various aspects of Long COVID.

Results

Fatigue, cough, chest tightness, breathlessness, palpitations, myalgia and difficulty to focus are symptoms reported in long COVID. It could be related to organ damage, post viral syndrome, post-critical care syndrome and others. Clinical evaluation should focus on identifying the pathophysiology, followed by appropriate remedial measures. In people with symptoms suggestive of long COVID but without known history of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, serology may help confirm the diagnosis.

Conclusions

This review will helps the clinicians to manage various aspects of Long COVID.

Related collections

Most cited references 48

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Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

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The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention

Matthew Tay, Chek Meng Poh, Laurent Rénia … (2020)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Alongside investigations into the virology of SARS-CoV-2, understanding the fundamental physiological and immunological processes underlying the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is vital for the identification and rational design of effective therapies. Here, we provide an overview of the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We describe the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the immune system and the subsequent contribution of dysfunctional immune responses to disease progression. From nascent reports describing SARS-CoV-2, we make inferences on the basis of the parallel pathophysiological and immunological features of the other human coronaviruses targeting the lower respiratory tract — severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Finally, we highlight the implications of these approaches for potential therapeutic interventions that target viral infection and/or immunoregulation.

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Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19

Angelo Carfì, Roberto Bernabei, Francesco Landi (2020)

This case series describes COVID-19 symptoms persisting a mean of 60 days after onset among Italian patients previously discharged from COVID-19 hospitalization.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Diabetes Metab Syndr

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Diabetes Metab Syndr

Title: Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome

Publisher: Diabetes India. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

ISSN (Print): 1871-4021

ISSN (Electronic): 1878-0334

Publication date PMC-release: 20 April 2021

Publication date (Print): May-June 2021

Publication date (Electronic): 20 April 2021

Volume: 15

Issue: 3

Pages: 869-875

Affiliations

[a ]Govt. Medical College, Manjeri,Kottayam, Kozhikode, Kerala, India

[b ]Specialist in Internal Medicine, Badr Al Samaa, Barka, Oman

[c ]Sunrise Hospital, Kakkanad, Kerala, India

[d ]Koyas Hospital, Kozhikode, Kerala, India

Author notes

[∗ ]Corresponding author. Govt. Medical College, Manjeri,Kottayam, Kozhikode, Kerala, India.

Article

Publisher Item ID: S1871-4021(21)00119-3

DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.04.007

PMC ID: 8056514

PubMed ID: 33892403

SO-VID: 31cf1508-2d2b-4b90-ade8-bf8b1c97faf6

License:

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

History

Date received : 9 March 2021

Date revision received : 26 March 2021

Date accepted : 6 April 2021

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