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      Toward catchment hydro‐biogeochemical theories

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          Deep learning in neural networks: An overview

          In recent years, deep artificial neural networks (including recurrent ones) have won numerous contests in pattern recognition and machine learning. This historical survey compactly summarizes relevant work, much of it from the previous millennium. Shallow and Deep Learners are distinguished by the depth of their credit assignment paths, which are chains of possibly learnable, causal links between actions and effects. I review deep supervised learning (also recapitulating the history of backpropagation), unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning & evolutionary computation, and indirect search for short programs encoding deep and large networks.
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            Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet

            The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth system. Here, we revise and update the planetary boundary framework, with a focus on the underpinning biophysical science, based on targeted input from expert research communities and on more general scientific advances over the past 5 years. Several of the boundaries now have a two-tier approach, reflecting the importance of cross-scale interactions and the regional-level heterogeneity of the processes that underpin the boundaries. Two core boundaries—climate change and biosphere integrity—have been identified, each of which has the potential on its own to drive the Earth system into a new state should they be substantially and persistently transgressed.
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              Global change and the ecology of cities.

              Urban areas are hot spots that drive environmental change at multiple scales. Material demands of production and human consumption alter land use and cover, biodiversity, and hydrosystems locally to regionally, and urban waste discharge affects local to global biogeochemical cycles and climate. For urbanites, however, global environmental changes are swamped by dramatic changes in the local environment. Urban ecology integrates natural and social sciences to study these radically altered local environments and their regional and global effects. Cities themselves present both the problems and solutions to sustainability challenges of an increasingly urbanized world.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                WIREs Water
                WIREs Water
                Wiley
                2049-1948
                2049-1948
                January 2021
                December 03 2020
                January 2021
                : 8
                : 1
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
                [2 ]College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
                [3 ]Laboratory of Ecohydrology ENAC/IIE/ECHO École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
                [4 ]Center for Applied Geosciences University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
                [5 ]Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
                [6 ]Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Department of Geosciences The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
                [7 ]Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
                [8 ]Department of Geography University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
                Article
                10.1002/wat2.1495
                31c8003c-6f07-4462-b856-494162842013
                © 2021

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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