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      Reproductive behavior, development and eye regression in the cave armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), breed in laboratory

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          Abstract

          The troglobitic armored catfish, Ancistrus cryptophthalmus (Loricariidae, Ancistrinae) is known from four caves in the São Domingos karst area, upper rio Tocantins basin, Central Brazil. These populations differ in general body shape and degree of reduction of eyes and of pigmentation. The small Passa Três population (around 1,000 individuals) presents the most reduced eyes, which are not externally visible in adults. A small group of Passa Três catfish, one male and three females, reproduced spontaneously thrice in laboratory, at the end of summertime in 2000, 2003 and 2004. Herein we describe the reproductive behavior during the 2003 event, as well as the early development of the 2003 and 2004 offsprings, with focus on body growth and ontogenetic regression of eyes. The parental care by the male, which includes defense of the rock shelter where the egg clutch is laid, cleaning and oxygenation of eggs, is typical of many loricariids. On the other hand, the slow development, including delayed eye degeneration, low body growth rates and high estimated longevity (15 years or more) are characteristic of precocial, or K-selected, life cycles. In the absence of comparable data for close epigean relatives (Ancistrus spp.), it is not possible to establish whether these features are an autapomorphic specialization of the troglobitic A. cryptophthalmus or a plesiomorphic trait already present in the epigean ancestor, possibly favoring the adoption of the life in the food-poor cave environment. We briefly discuss the current hypotheses on eye regression in troglobitic vertebrates.

          Translated abstract

          O cascudo troglóbio (exclusivamente subterrâneo), Ancistrus cryptophthalmus (Loricariidae, Ancistrinae) é conhecido de quatro cavernas na área cárstica de São Domingos, bacia do alto rio Tocantins, Goiás. Estas populações diferem quanto ao formato geral do corpo e grau de redução dos olhos e da pigmentação cutânea. A pequena população encontrada na caverna Passa Três (aproximadamente 1.000 indivíduos) é a que apresenta os olhos mais reduzidos, não visíveis externamente nos adultos. Um grupo de um macho e três fêmeas provenientes dessa caverna reproduziu-se espontaneamente três vezes em laboratório, no fim do verão, em 2000, 2003 e 2004. Descrevemos aqui o comportamento reprodutivo observado em 2003, assim como o desenvolvimento das proles de 2003 e 2004, com foco no crescimento corporal e regressão ontogenética dos olhos. O cuidado parental pelo macho, que inclui defesa do abrigo rochoso onde os ovos eram aderidos e limpeza e oxigenação destes, segue o padrão típico de loricariídeos. Por outro lado, o desenvolvimento relativamente lento, incluindo a regressão tardia dos olhos (iniciando aos 12 meses de idade), as baixas taxas de crescimento corporal e a alta longevidade estimada (mais de 15 anos) são característicos de ciclos de vida do tipo "precoce", ou K-selecionados. Na ausência de dados comparáveis para os aparentados epígeos próximos, não é possível estabelecer com exatidão se tais características se tratam de adaptações autapomórficas da espécie cavernícola ou de pré-adaptações (exaptações) dos ancestrais epígeos, as quais poderiam ter favorecido a colonização do meio subterrâneo. Finalmente, apresentamos uma breve discussão sobre as hipóteses correntes acerca da regressão dos olhos em vertebrados troglóbios.

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          Most cited references75

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          Patterns of variation in life history among South American fishes in seasonal environments

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            Terminology of Intervals in Fish Development

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              Adaptive evolution of eye degeneration in the Mexican blind cavefish.

              W Jeffery (2015)
              The evolutionary mechanisms responsible for eye degeneration in cave-adapted animals have not been resolved. Opposing hypotheses invoking neural mutation or natural selection, each with certain genetic and developmental expectations, have been advanced to explain eye regression, although little or no experimental evidence has been presented to support or reject either theory. Here we review recent developmental and molecular studies in the teleost Astyanax mexicanus, a single species consisting of a sighted surface-dwelling form (surface fish) and many blind cave-dwelling forms (cavefish), which shed new light on this problem. The manner of eye development and degeneration, the ability to experimentally restore eyes, gene expression patterns, and comparisons between different cavefish populations all provide important clues for understanding the evolutionary forces responsible for eye degeneration. A key discovery is that Hedgehog midline signaling is expanded and inhibits eye formation by inducing lens apoptosis in cavefish embryos. Accordingly, eyes could have been lost by default as a consequence of natural selection for constructive traits, such as feeding structures, which are positively regulated by Hh signaling. We conclude from these studies that eye degeneration in cavefish may be caused by adaptive evolution and pleiotropy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ni
                Neotropical Ichthyology
                Neotrop. ichthyol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia (Maringá )
                1982-0224
                September 2009
                : 7
                : 3
                : 479-490
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S1679-62252009000300016
                10.1590/S1679-62252009000300016
                31955e6f-5715-4b66-a849-cfd53730041a

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1679-6225&lng=en
                Categories
                ZOOLOGY

                Animal science & Zoology
                Troglobitic catfish,Brazilian caves,Regressive evolution,Reproduction,Goiás State

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