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      Antocianinas y color en grano y olote de maíz morado peruano cultivado en Jalisco, México Translated title: Anthocyanins and color in grain and cob of peruvian purple corn grown in Jalisco, Mexico

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          Abstract

          Resumen El grano y olote de maíz (Zea mays L.) de color morado son fuente de pigmentos, que pueden sustituir a los colorantes artificiales. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto del ambiente (temperatura) de producción de semilla en el contenido de antocianinas en grano (CATg) y olote (CATo) y su correlación en una población de maíz morado de Perú. Los ambientes de producción de semilla fueron Tepatitlán y La Huerta, Jalisco, México. Las semillas de los dos ambientes se sembraron en el ciclo PV 2015 en Tepatitlán, Jalisco. Se polinizaron de 100 a 130 plantas. A la cosecha, las mazorcas sanas y con el color de grano morado intenso, fueron analizadas por CATg y CATo mediante espectrofotometría. Se hizo un análisis de varianza y correlación de Person. El ambiente de producción de semilla afectó de manera significativa (p≤ 0.05) los contenidos de antocianinas en grano y olote. La semilla obtenida en Tepatitlán (temperatura. media 19.1 °C) presentó un CATg de 496.3 mg equivalentes de cianidina 3-glucósido en 100 g de muestra seca, que fue 57.6% superior al de la semilla procedente de La Huerta (temp. media 25.4 °C). El olote presentó entre 48 y 70% más antocianinas que el grano y perfil cromatográfico similar entre grano y olote. La correlación entre las variables de color de grano y el CATg no fue significativa (p≥ 0.05). Pero, la correlación negativa del valor de croma con CATo fue altamente significativa (r= -0.5484**) por lo que podría ser estimador del CAT en esta estructura.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The grain and cob (Zea mays L.) of purple corn are a source of pigments, which can replace artificial colors. The objective was to determine the effect of the environment (temperature) of seed production on the content of anthocyanins in grain (CATg) and cob (CATo) and its correlation in a purple corn population of Peru. Seed production environments were Tepatitlan and La Huerta, Jalisco, Mexico. The seeds of the two environments were sown in the S-S 2015 cycle in Tepatitlan, Jalisco. They were pollinated from 100 to 130 plants. At harvest, the healthy ears with the intense purple grain color were analyzed by CATg and CATo by spectrophotometry. An analysis of variance and correlation of Person was made. The environment of seed production significantly affected (p≤ 0.05) the contents of anthocyanins in grain and cob. The seed obtained in Tepatitlan (average temperature 19.1 °C) presented a CATg of 496.3 mg equivalents of cyanidin 3-glucoside in 100 g of dry sample, which was 57.6% higher than that of the seed from La Huerta (mean temperature 25.4 °C). The cob presented between 48 and 70% more anthocyanins than the grain and similar chromatographic profile between grain and cob. The correlation between the grain color variables and the CATg was not significant (p≥ 0.05). However, the negative correlation of the chroma value with CATo was highly significant (r= -0.5484**) so it could be an estimator of the CAT in this structure.

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          Flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes in grape skin are differentially regulated by temperature and light conditions.

          Temperature and light are important environmental factors that affect flavonoid biosynthesis in grape berry skin. However, the interrelationships between temperature and light effects on flavonoid biosynthesis have not been fully elucidated at the molecular level. Here, we investigated the effects of temperature and light conditions on the biosynthesis of flavonoids (anthocyanins and flavonols) and the expression levels of related genes in an in vitro environmental experiment using detached grape berries. Sufficient anthocyanin accumulation in the grape skin was observed under a low temperature (15 °C) plus light treatment, whereas high temperature (35 °C) or dark treatment severely suppressed anthocyanin accumulation. This indicates that the accumulation of anthocyanins is dependent on both low temperature and light. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the responses of three MYB-related genes (VlMYBA1-3, VlMYBA1-2, and VlMYBA2) to temperature and light differed greatly even though the products of all three genes had the ability to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway genes. Furthermore, the expression levels of other MYB-related genes and many flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes were regulated independently by temperature and light. We also found that temperature and light conditions affected the anthocyanin composition in the skin through the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes. Our results suggest that low temperature and light have a synergistic effect on the expression of genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. These findings provide new information about the relationships between environmental factors and flavonoid accumulation in grape berry skin.
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            Artificial food colors and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms: conclusions to dye for.

            The effect of artificial food colors (AFCs) on child behavior has been studied for more than 35 years, with accumulating evidence from imperfect studies. This article summarizes the history of this controversial topic and testimony to the 2011 Food and Drug Administration Food Advisory Committee convened to evaluate the current status of evidence regarding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Features of ADHD relevant to understanding the AFC literature are explained: ADHD is a quantitative diagnosis, like hypertension, and some individuals near the threshold may be pushed over it by a small symptom increment. The chronicity and pervasiveness make caregiver ratings the most valid measure, albeit subjective. Flaws in many studies include nonstandardized diagnosis, questionable sample selection, imperfect blinding, and nonstandardized outcome measures. Recent data suggest a small but significant deleterious effect of AFCs on children's behavior that is not confined to those with diagnosable ADHD. AFCs appear to be more of a public health problem than an ADHD problem. AFCs are not a major cause of ADHD per se, but seem to affect children regardless of whether or not they have ADHD, and they may have an aggregated effect on classroom climate if most children in the class suffer a small behavioral decrement with additive or synergistic effects. Possible biological mechanisms with published evidence include the effects on nutrient levels, genetic vulnerability, and changes in electroencephalographic beta-band power. A table clarifying the Food and Drug Administration and international naming systems for AFCs, with cross-referencing, is provided.
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              Soluble and bound phenolic compounds in different Bolivian purple corn ( Zea mays L.) cultivars.

              In nine Bolivian purple corn ( Zea mays L.) varieties the content of phenolic compounds as well as the anthocyanin composition has been determined. The phenotypes under investigation included four red and five blue varieties (Kulli, Ayzuma, Paru, Tuimuru, Oke, Huaca Songo, Colorado, Huillcaparu, and Checchi). In purple corn, phenolic compounds were highly concentrated in cell walls. Thus, simultaneous determination of soluble and bound-form phenolics is essential for analysis, extraction, and quantification. The present study reports the determination of soluble and insoluble-bound fraction of phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MS(n) in Bolivian purple corn varieties. Enzymatic, thermal, and alkaline hydrolyses were used to obtain the cell wall-linked phenolic compounds. Ferulic acid values ranged from 132.9 to 298.4 mg/100 g, and p-coumaric acid contents varied between 251.8 and 607.5 mg/100 g dry weight (DW), respectively, and were identified as the main nonanthocyanin phenolics. The total content of phenolic compounds ranged from 311.0 to 817.6 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g DW, and the percentage contribution of bound to total phenolics varied from 62.1 to 86.6%. The total monomeric anthocyanin content ranged from 1.9 to 71.7 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents/100 g DW. Anthocyanin profiles are almost the same among the different samples. Differences are observed only in the relative percentage of each anthocyanin. Cyanidin-3-glucoside and its malonated derivative were detected as major anthocyanins. Several dimalonylated monoglucosides of cyanidin, peonidin, and pelargonidin were present as minor constituents.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                remexca
                Revista mexicana de ciencias agrícolas
                Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc
                Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico )
                2007-0934
                August 2019
                : 10
                : 5
                : 1071-1082
                Affiliations
                [2] Tepatitlán orgnameInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias orgdiv1Campo Experimental Centro Altos de Jalisco Mexico ramirez.joseluis@ 123456inifap.gob.mx
                [1] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma Chapingo Mexico andaaghe-94@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                S2007-09342019000501071 S2007-0934(19)01000501071
                10.29312/remexca.v10i5.1828
                3175089f-3094-416c-a1f5-bbdfd0d2d146

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 August 2019
                : 01 May 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos

                pigmentos,Zea mays L.,pigments,temperature,grano,maíz morado,olote,temperatura,cob,grain,purple corn

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