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      Fitoterapia Mbyá-Guaraní en el control de las parasitosis intestinales: Un estudio exploratorio con Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var anthelminticum en cinco comunidades de Misiones, Argentina Translated title: Phytotherapy Mbyá-Guaraní in the control of intestinal parasitoses: An exploratory study with Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum in five communities in Misiones, Argentina

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          Abstract

          En las comunidades Mbyá-Guaraní, el conocimiento local de las especies vegetales que habitan el "monte" se pone de manifiesto en el desarrollo de distintas actividades tales como su empleo medicinal en las parasitosis y dolencias asociadas. El objetivo de esta contribución fue evaluar la eficacia de Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum (Ka'aré) en el control de las enteroparasitosis. El estudio fue realizado durante septiembre de 1998 y abril de 1999 en las comunidades de Marangatú (MA), Ñamandú (ÑA), El Pocito (PO), Tabay (TB) y Takuapí (TA) del Departamento Libertador General San Martín, Misiones, Argentina. La muestra incluyó 148 personas que fueron agrupadas por sexo e intervalos etáreos. El tratamiento fitoterapéutico consistió en la administración de tintura de Ka'aré (maceración en alcohol etílico al 70%). El análisis coproparasitológico se realizó mediante examen directo y la técnica de enriquecimiento por flotación (Füllerbon) previo y posterior al tratamiento con el Ka'aré. Los resultados indicaron altos porcentajes de individuos parasitados previo al tratamiento (PRET) que fluctuaron entre 73.5% y 91.7%. Entre los protozoos Entamoeba coli fue la especie más prevalente con porcentajes entre 18.4% y 37.5%. Hymenolepis nana entre los cestodes presentó prevalencias entre 4.2% y 20.8%. Entre los nemátodos Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus (Ancylostomideos) fue la más frecuente y su prevalencia fluctuó entre 55.1% y 83.3%. Trichuris trichiura sólo fue observado en ÑA y con una prevalencia muy baja (3.8%). El porcentaje de monoparasitismo fue mayor en ÑA (56.5%), el de biparasitismo en MA y TA (44.4%), mientras que el de poliparasitismo en TB (36.8%). En la evaluación postratamiento (POST) la prevalencia total de parasitosis descendió respecto del pretratamiento (79.7% vs 68.9%) (X² Yates = 4.57; p < 0.05). Cuando se analizó por sexo, el porcentaje de mujeres parasitadas fue menor, con diferencia estadísticamente significativa (X² Mantel-Haenszel = 4.28; p < 0.05). Asimismo, en los individuos mayores de 30 años (intervalo 3) la diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa entre pre y postratamiento (90.9% vs. 50.0%) (X² Yates = 6.99; p < 0.01). En los individuos postratamiento se observó una disminución en los valores de prevalencia de E. coli (30.8%-0.0%) y Ancylostomídeos (52.0%-11.5%). Así, en ÑA los Ancylostomídeos mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (73.1% vs. 11.5%) (X² Yates = 8.99; p < 0.05). Asimismo, la prevalencia de Ascaris lumbricoides descendió en los individuos de todas las comunidades, siendo más evidente en PO (20.8% vs. 0.0%) y en ÑA (19.2% vs. 0.0%). Para Giardia lamblia, H. nana y Strongyloides stercoralis el tratamiento fitoterapeútico no fue efectivo. Respecto al monoparasitismo se observó que sólo disminuyó levemente en TA (44.4% vs. 43.2%) y aumentó en el resto de las comunidades, siendo mayor el aumento de monoparasitados en ÑA (56.5% vs. 76.9%). Sin embargo el porcentaje de biparasitismo disminuyó en la mayoría de las comunidades estudiadas, con excepción de TB (36.8% vs. 50.0%). Por último el poliparasitismo descendió sólo en TB (36.8% vs. 11.1%) y ÑA (17.4% vs.7.7%). Los resultados obtenidos demostraron la efectividad de Ch. ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum sobre los Ancylostomideos y A. lumbricoides, mientras que para protozoos, cestodes y larvas de S. stercoralis no fue efectivo.

          Translated abstract

          In Mbyá-Guarani communities, the local knowledge of species that inhabit the wild forest areas is manifested in diverse activities, such as their medicinal use for treating parasites and associated illness. The goal of this work was to assess the efficacy of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum (Ka'aré in Guarani) for the control of enteroparasitosis. The study was carried out during September 1998 and April 1999 in the communities of Marangatú (MA), Ñamandú (ÑA), El Pocito (PO), Tabay (TB) and Takuapí (TA), in the Department Libertador General San Martín, Misiones, Argentina. The sample included 148 individuals grouped by sex and age intervals. The phytotherapeutic treatment consisted of administration of Ka'aré tincture (macerated in 70% ethyl alcohol). Coproparasitologic analysis was by direct examination and enrichment of samples by flotation technique (Füllerbon) before and after treatment with Ka'aré. Our results indicated high percentage of parasitized individuals before treatment (PRET), ranging between 73.5% and 91.7%. Entamoeba coli was the most prevalent protozoan species, with values ranging between 18.4% and 37.5%. Among cestodes, Hymenolepis nana presented prevalences of 4.2% to 20.8%. Among nematodes, Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus (Ancylostomidea) was the most frequent, with prevalence between 55.1% and 83.3%. Trichuris trichiura was observed only in ÑA and with very low prevalence (3.8%). Percentage of monoparasitism in ÑA was highest (56.5%), while biparasitism prevailed in MA and TA (44.4%) and polyparasitism in TB (36.8%). The postreatment evaluation (POST) showed a decrease of total parasite prevalence compared to pre-treatment (79.7% vs. 68.9%) (X² Yates = 4.57; p < 0.05). Regarding sex differences, the percentage of parasitized women was lower, with a statistically significant difference (X² Mantel-Haenszel = 4.28; p < 0.05). Likewise, in individuals over 30 years old (interval 3) the difference between pre and postreatment was statistically significant (90.9% vs. 50.0%) (X² Yates = 6.99; p < 0.01). Postreatment individuals showed decreased prevalence of E. coli (30.8%-0.0%) and ancylostomids (52.0%-11.5%). Thus, in ÑA ancylostomids showed statistically significant differences (73.1% vs. 11.5%) (X² Yates = 8.99; p < 0.05). Likewise, prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides decreased in individuals from all communities, with greatest differences in PO (20.8% vs. 0.0%) and ÑA (19.2% vs. 0.0%). The phytotherapeutic treatment was not effective against Giardia lamblia, H. nana or Strongyloides stercoralis. Monoparasitism only decreased slightly in TA (44.4% vs. 43.2%) and increased in the remaining communities, with greatest percentage in ÑA (56.5% vs. 76.9%). In contrast, percent biparasitism decreased in most studied communities, except TB (36.8% vs. 50.0%). Lastly, polyparasitism decreased only in TB (36.8% vs. 11.1%) and ÑA (17.4% vs.7.7%). These results showed that Ch. ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum is effective against ancylostomids and A. lumbricoides, but not against protozoans, cestodes or S. stercoralis larvae.

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          Indigenous use and bio-efficacy of medicinal plants in the Rasuwa District, Central Nepal

          Background By revealing historical and present plant use, ethnobotany contributes to drug discovery and socioeconomic development. Nepal is a natural storehouse of medicinal plants. Although several ethnobotanical studies were conducted in the country, many areas remain unexplored. Furthermore, few studies have compared indigenous plant use with reported phytochemical and pharmacological properties. Methods Ethnopharmacological data was collected in the Rasuwa district of Central Nepal by conducting interviews and focus group discussions with local people. The informant consensus factor (FIC) was calculated in order to estimate use variability of medicinal plants. Bio-efficacy was assessed by comparing indigenous plant use with phytochemical and pharmacological properties determined from a review of the available literature. Criteria were used to identify high priority medicinal plant species. Results A total of 60 medicinal formulations from 56 plant species were documented. Medicinal plants were used to treat various diseases and disorders, with the highest number of species being used for gastro-intestinal problems, followed by fever and headache. Herbs were the primary source of medicinal plants (57% of the species), followed by trees (23%). The average FIC value for all ailment categories was 0.82, indicating a high level of informant agreement compared to similar studies conducted elsewhere. High FIC values were obtained for ophthalmological problems, tooth ache, kidney problems, and menstrual disorders, indicating that the species traditionally used to treat these ailments are worth searching for bioactive compounds: Astilbe rivularis, Berberis asiatica, Hippophae salicifolia, Juniperus recurva, and Swertia multicaulis. A 90% correspondence was found between local plant use and reported plant chemical composition and pharmacological properties for the 30 species for which information was available. Sixteen medicinal plants were ranked as priority species, 13 of which having also been prioritized in a country-wide governmental classification. Conclusions The Tamang people possess rich ethnopharmacological knowledge. This study allowed to identify many high value and high priority medicinal plant species, indicating high potential for economic development through sustainable collection and trade.
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            Parasite risk factors for stunting in grade 5 students in a community of extreme poverty in Peru.

            Malnutrition in school-age children is common in developing countries and includes both stunting and underweight. Stunting, which represents a chronic state of nutritional stress, leads to adverse health, educational and cognitive effects. Although much research is focused on preschool-age children, recent studies show both the high prevalence of stunting and the effectiveness of interventions in school-age children. The objectives of the current study were to determine the risk factors for stunting only, and stunting and underweight. A survey was conducted in 1074 grade 5 children (mean age 10 years) from 17 schools in Belen, Peru, a community of extreme poverty. Prevalence of underweight and stunting were 10.5 and 34.5%, respectively, co-prevalence was 9.3%. Based on multivariable logistic regression analyses, significant independent risk factors (odds ratio: OR) for stunting and underweight were: age (per 1 year increment) (OR=1.55; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.33, 1.81); diarrhoea in the last week (OR=1.96; 95% CI: 1.17, 3.29) and hookworm infection (OR=1.74; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.86). Significant independent risk factors for stunting only were: age (per 1 year increment) (OR=1.51; 95% CI: 1.35, 1.70); anaemia (OR=1.98; 95% CI: 1.26, 3.11); and moderate and heavy Trichuris and Ascaris co-infection (OR=1.95; 95% CI: 1.35, 2.82). Our results indicate a high prevalence of stunting, in addition to other adverse health indicators, in the study population. Due to the interrelation between many of these health and nutrition problems, interventions at both the school and community levels, including de-worming, feeding programs and health and hygiene education, are needed to reduce malnutrition in this and other similar populations living in conditions of extreme poverty.
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              Age-related changes in hookworm infection, anaemia and iron deficiency in an area of high Necator americanus hookworm transmission in south-eastern Brazil.

              Surprisingly few detailed age-stratified data exist on the epidemiology of hookworm and iron status, especially in Latin America. We present data from a cross-sectional survey examining 1332 individuals aged 0-86 years from a community in south-east Brazil for hookworm, anaemia and iron deficiency. Sixty-eight percent of individuals were infected with the human hookworm Necator americanus. The force of infection (lambda=0.354) was similar to estimates from other areas of high hookworm transmission. Individuals from poorer households had significantly higher prevalence and intensity of infection than individuals from better-off households. The prevalence of anaemia, iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anaemia was 11.8%, 12.7% and 4.3%, respectively. Anaemia was most prevalent among young children and the elderly. Univariate analysis showed that haemoglobin and serum ferritin were both significantly negatively associated with hookworm intensity among both school-aged children and adults. Multivariate analysis showed that, after controlling for socio-economic status, iron indicators were significantly associated with heavy hookworm infection. Our results indicate that, even in areas where there is a low overall prevalence of anaemia, hookworm can still have an important impact on host iron status, especially in school-aged children and the elderly.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                polib
                Polibotánica
                Polibotánica
                Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (México, DF, Mexico )
                1405-2768
                2014
                : 37
                : 135-151
                Affiliations
                [01] La Plata orgnameUniversidad Nacional de La Plata orgdiv1Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas orgdiv2Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata Argentina gnavone@ 123456cepave.edu.ar
                Article
                S1405-27682014000100008 S1405-2768(14)00003700008
                30e813bb-d325-442e-8839-f41ca6f951fa

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 May 2012
                : 16 May 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 48, Pages: 17
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                SciELO Mexico


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