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      Couverture, cartographie et barrières à la vaccination complète pour l’âge chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans en 2021 : cas des localités d'Adjara-Hounvè et Ahouicodji au sud du Bénin Translated title: Coverage, mapping and barriers to complete vaccination for age among children under 5 years in 2021: case of Adjara-Hounvè and Ahouicodji villages in southern Benin

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          Résumé

          Introduction

          La vaccination des enfants est primordiale afin de réduire le taux de morbidité et de mortalité infantile. Par ailleurs, l'inaccessibilité aux soins, surtout pendant la période critique de la pandémie Covid-19, a fortement réduit les taux de couverture vaccinale. Lobjectif de notre étude était détudier la couverture et les facteurs associés à la vaccination complète pour l’âge chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans dans l'arrondissement de Pahou dans la commune de Ouidah au Bénin en 2021.

          Méthodologie

          Une étude transversale descriptive et analytique a été réalisée dans les villages d'Adjara-Hounvè et Ahouicodji dans l'arrondissement de Pahou avec un recrutement exhaustif des ménages. L'enquête a porté sur les enfants de moins de 5 ans pour lesquels un carnet de vaccination était présenté. Le questionnaire a été numérisé. L'analyse descriptive et la recherche de facteurs associés ont été réalisées à l'aide d'un modèle de régression logistique grâce au logiciel Stata/SE 14 et la cartographie à l'aide du logiciel ArcGIS 10.8.

          Résultats

          Sur les 414 mères enquêtées, les informations ont été recueillies chez les 238 enfants de 0 à 5 ans (57,49 %) possédant un carnet de vaccination. Sur les 238 enfants, 20,6 % avaient une vaccination complète pour leur âge. Le niveau d'instruction « primaire » versus « aucun » (ORa = 3,32; IC95% 1,07-10,25), la profession « personnel de santé » versus « ménagère » (ORa = 21,18; IC95% 3,07-145,94), la connaissance des maladies du PEV par les mères (ORa = 2,20; IC95% 1,03-4,68) et l’âge des enfants 0-2 mois versus ≥ 16 mois (ORa = 8,53; IC95% 2,52-28,85) et 9-15 mois versus ≥ 16 mois (ORa = 2,99; IC95% 1,24-7,23) ont augmenté le statut vaccinal complet pour l’âge. Une tendance à l'homogénéité du comportement lié à la couverture vaccinale complète pour l’âge chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans a été mise en évidence à la cartographie.

          Conclusion

          La couverture vaccinale complète pour l’âge chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans est très faible, avec une tendance d'homogénéité spatiale dans le comportement de recours à la vaccination par la communauté. La couverture vaccinale complète pour l’âge est un indicateur innovant pouvant contribuer à atteindre les objectifs vaccinaux pour chaque âge.

          Translated abstract

          Background

          Vaccination is a protective measure against infectious diseases and remains one of the best investments in public health. Some African countries are still struggling to reach the required child immunization coverage. Several factors are responsible for limiting immunization coverage. Most of the factors considered to limit immunization coverage are related to the health system. In addition, inaccessibility to care, especially during the critical period of the Covid-19 pandemic, greatly reduced vaccination coverage rates. In Benin, several vaccines are included in the Expanded Programme on Immunization or are administered as part of routine immunization. However, cases of non-compliance with the vaccine and persistent flaccid paralysis are still recorded in the commune of Ouidah in southern Benin. The aim of this study was to investigate the coverage and factors associated with full immunization for age in children aged 0-5 years.

          Methods

          A cross-sectional survey was conducted from August to October 2021 in two villages (Adjara-Hounvè and Ahouicodji) in southern Benin. All the households were included. The survey regarded children under 5 for whom a vaccination record was presented. A couple child/mother was recruited after informed consent of the mother and her child. An univariate analysis followed by a multivariate analysis was performed by using a logistic regression model to identify the variables that influence vaccine completeness. Spatial description of vaccine completeness was performed using the kriging method using ArcGIS 10.8 mapping software. Results. Of the 414 mothers surveyed, 57.49% had an immunization card, from which information was collected. Of the 238 children recruited, 141 were in Adjara-Hounvè and 97 in Ahouicodji. Of the 238 children with an immunization card, 20.6% were fully immunized for their age. All children received Baccille Calmette Guérin vaccine at birth. Since poliomyelitis, pentavalent, pneumococcal conjugate, and rotavirus are three-dose vaccines, the percentage of children who received these vaccines decreased as the number of doses increased: 96.6%, 88.2%, 78.1% and 72.3% for the four doses of polio respectively. According to 53.4% of the respondents the reception at the vaccination site was poor, and according to 70.3% of them waiting time for vaccination sessions was long. Several reasons justified the absence of complete vaccination for the age of the children: vaccination site too far from the place of residence (59.54%), lack of financial means (29.78%) and the mother's ignorance (12.76%). Education level “primary” vs “none” (ORa = 3.32; CI95% 1.07-10.25), occupation “health staff” vs “housewife” (ORa = 21.18; CI95% 3.07-145.94), mothers’ knowledge of Expanded Programme on Immunization diseases (ORa = 2, 20; CI95% 1.03-4.68) and children's age 0-2 months vs ≥ 16 months (ORa = 8.53; CI95% 2.52-28.85) and 9-15 months vs ≥ 16 months (ORa = 2.99; CI95% 1.24-7.23) increased complete immunization status for age. The homogeneity of behaviour related to age-complete immunization coverage in children under 5 years was evident at mapping.

          Conclusion

          Age-complete immunization coverage in children under 5 years of age is very low, with a spatial homogeneity in community immunization uptake behaviour. Age-complete immunization coverage is an innovative indicator that can contribute to achieving age-specific immunization targets.

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          Most cited references27

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          Measuring vaccine hesitancy: The development of a survey tool.

          In March 2012, the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy was convened to define the term "vaccine hesitancy", as well as to map the determinants of vaccine hesitancy and develop tools to measure and address the nature and scale of hesitancy in settings where it is becoming more evident. The definition of vaccine hesitancy and a matrix of determinants guided the development of a survey tool to assess the nature and scale of hesitancy issues. Additionally, vaccine hesitancy questions were piloted in the annual WHO-UNICEF joint reporting form, completed by National Immunization Managers globally. The objective of characterizing the nature and scale of vaccine hesitancy issues is to better inform the development of appropriate strategies and policies to address the concerns expressed, and to sustain confidence in vaccination. The Working Group developed a matrix of the determinants of vaccine hesitancy informed by a systematic review of peer reviewed and grey literature, and by the expertise of the working group. The matrix mapped the key factors influencing the decision to accept, delay or reject some or all vaccines under three categories: contextual, individual and group, and vaccine-specific. These categories framed the menu of survey questions presented in this paper to help diagnose and address vaccine hesitancy.
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            Reasons related to non-vaccination and under-vaccination of children in low and middle income countries: findings from a systematic review of the published literature, 1999-2009.

            Despite increases in routine vaccination coverage during the past three decades, the percent of children completing the recommended vaccination schedule remains below expected targets in many low and middle income countries. In 2008, the World Health Organization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization requested more information on the reasons that children were under-vaccinated (receiving at least one but not all recommended vaccinations) or not vaccinated in order to develop effective strategies and interventions to reach these children. A systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature published from 1999 to 2009 was conducted to aggregate information on reasons and factors related to the under-vaccination and non-vaccination of children. A standardized form was used to abstract information from relevant articles identified from eight different medical, behavioural and social science literature databases. Among 202 relevant articles, we abstracted 838 reasons associated with under-vaccination; 379 (45%) were related to immunization systems, 220 (26%) to family characteristics, 181 (22%) to parental attitudes and knowledge, and 58 (7%) to limitations in immunization-related communication and information. Of the 19 reasons abstracted from 11 identified articles describing the non-vaccinated child, 6 (32%) were related to immunization systems, 8 (42%) to parental attitudes and knowledge, 4 (21%) to family characteristics, and 1 (5%) to communication and information. Multiple reasons for under-vaccination and non-vaccination were identified, indicating that a multi-faceted approach is needed to reach under-vaccinated and unvaccinated children. Immunization system issues can be addressed through improving outreach services, vaccine supply, and health worker training; however, under-vaccination and non-vaccination linked to parental attitudes and knowledge are more difficult to address and likely require local interventions. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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              Incomplete childhood immunization in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis of individual and contextual factors

              Background Under-five mortality remains high in sub-Saharan Africa despite global decline. One quarter of these deaths are preventable through interventions such as immunization. The aim of this study was to examine the independent effects of individual-, community- and state-level factors on incomplete childhood immunization in Nigeria, which is one of the 10 countries where most of the incompletely immunised children in the world live. Methods The study was based on secondary analyses of cross-sectional data from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Multilevel multivariable logistic regression models were applied to the data on 5,754 children aged 12–23 months who were fully immunized or not (level 1), nested within 896 communities (level 2) from 37 states (level 3). Results More than three-quarter of the children (76.3%) were not completely immunized. About 83% of children of young mothers (15–24 years) and 94% of those whose mothers are illiterate did not receive full immunization. In the fully adjusted model, the chances of not being fully immunized reduced for children whose mothers attended antenatal clinic (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.49; 95% credible interval [CrI] = 0.39–0.60), delivered in health facility (aOR = 0.62; 95% CrI = 0.51–0.74) and lived in urban area (aOR = 0.66; 95% CrI = 0.50–0.82). Children whose mothers had difficulty getting to health facility (aOR = 1.28; 95% CrI = 1.02–1.57) and lived in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities (aOR = 2.93; 95% CrI = 1.60–4.71) and states (aOR = 2.69; 955 CrI =1.37–4.73) were more likely to be incompletely immunized. Conclusions This study has revealed that the risk of children being incompletely immunized in Nigeria was influenced by not only individual factors but also community- and state-level factors. Interventions to improve child immunization uptake should take into consideration these contextual characteristics.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Med Trop Sante Int
                Med Trop Sante Int
                MTSI
                Médecine Tropicale et Santé Internationale
                MTSI
                2778-2034
                2778-2034
                31 March 2024
                25 January 2024
                : 4
                : 1
                : mtsi.v4i1.2024.352
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Département Population et santé, Centre de formation et de recherche en matière de population, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
                [2 ]Ministère de la Santé, Agence nationale des soins de santé primaires (ANSSP), Direction de la vaccination et de la logistique, Cotonou, Bénin
                [3 ]Département de santé publique, Faculté des sciences de la santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
                Author notes
                Article
                10.48327/mtsi.v4i1.2024.352
                11151914
                38846123
                2f528427-3a12-4f69-ac09-dd5747074659
                Copyright © 2024 SFMTSI

                Cet article en libre accès est distribué selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 10 April 2023
                : 22 January 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 7, References: 39, Pages: 19
                Categories
                Santé Publique
                Public Health

                vaccination complète pour l’âge,distribution spatiale,facteurs associés,enfants de 0 à 5 ans,adjara-hounvè,ahouicodji,pahou,ouidah,bénin,afrique subsaharienne,full immunization for age,mapping,associated factors,children aged 0-5 years,benin,sub-saharan africa

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