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      EL OSTIÓN DEL NORTE CHILENO (Argopecten Purpuratus), UN ALIMENTO DE ALTO VALOR NUTRICIONAL Translated title: THE SCALLOP FROM THE CHILEAN NORTH (Argopecten Purpuratus), A FOOD WITH A HIGH NUTRITIONAL VALUE

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          Abstract

          Los moluscos, además de constituir un alimento, son productos de gran valor comercial. Sin embargo, es poco es lo que se hecho para valorizar desde el punto de vista nutricional a estos mariscos como alimentos. Este trabajo desarrolla la caracterización de la composición química del ostión, uno de los principales mariscos de la acuicultura chilena. Muestras de ostión congeladas provenientes de tres centros de cultivo del norte chileno (Región de Coquimbo) se sometieron a diferentes análisis con la finalidad de conocer su composición química. Los análisis muestran que una porción de ostiones (100 g aproximadamente) aporta poca grasa, pero contiene una interesante cantidad de ácidos grasos omega-3 (EPA y DHA), además presenta un bajo contenido de carbohidratos y de colesterol. Un aspecto novedoso es el contenido de fitoesteroles de los ostiones, derivado de su alimentación, los que son en promedio el 30% del contenido total de esteroles. El ostión, además, constituye un buen aporte de triptófano, de vitamina B12 (cobalamina) y de sales minerales. Por este motivo el consumo del ostión, además de ser placentero, es un muy buen alimento.

          Translated abstract

          Mollusks are good food and also products of great commercial value. However, information about the nutritional value of these shellfish as foods is scarce. This work focused on the chemical characterization of scallops, one of the main products of the Chilean aquaculture. Samples of frozen scallops from three culture centers located in the north of Chile (Coquimbo Region) were subjected to several chemical analysis to obtain information about their nutritional composition. Results show that per serving (approximately 100 g) scallops provide low fat, but containing an interesting amount of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA). Carbohydrate and cholesterol content are also low. Phytosterol content of scallops comprises 30% of the total sterols, presumable derived from their feeding. Scallops are also a good supply of tryptophan, vitamin B12 and minerals. For these reasons scallops are very good nutritional food.

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          Phytosterols in human nutrition.

          Richard E. Ostlund (2001)
          Phytosterols are cholesterol-like molecules found in all plant foods, with the highest concentrations occurring in vegetable oils. They are absorbed only in trace amounts but inhibit the absorption of intestinal cholesterol including recirculating endogenous biliary cholesterol, a key step in cholesterol elimination. Natural dietary intake varies from about 167-437 mg/day. Attempts to measure biological effects in feeding studies have been impeded by limited solubility in both water and fat. Esterification of phytosterols with long-chain fatty acids increases fat solubility by 10-fold and allows delivery of several grams daily in fatty foods such as margarine. A dose of 2 g/day as the ester reduces low density lipoprotein cholesterol by 10%, and little difference is observed between Delta(5)-sterols and 5alpha-reduced sterols (stanols). Phytosterols can also be dispersed in water after emulsification with lecithin and reduce cholesterol absorption when added to nonfat foods. In contrast to these supplementation studies, much less is known about the effect of low phytosterol levels in the natural diet. However, reduction of cholesterol absorption can be measured at a dose of only 150 mg during otherwise sterol-free test meals, suggesting that natural food phytosterols may be clinically important. Current literature suggests that phytosterols are safe when added to the diet, and measured absorption and plasma levels are very small. Increasing the aggregate amount of phytosterols consumed in a variety of foods may be an important way of reducing population cholesterol levels and preventing coronary heart disease.
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            How common is vitamin B-12 deficiency?

            Lindsay Allen (2009)
            In considering the vitamin B-12 fortification of flour, it is important to know who is at risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency and whether those individuals would benefit from flour fortification. This article reviews current knowledge of the prevalence and causes of vitamin B-12 deficiency and considers whether fortification would improve the status of deficient subgroups of the population. In large surveys in the United States and the United Kingdom, approximately 6% of those aged > or =60 y are vitamin B-12 deficient (plasma vitamin B-12 < 148 pmol/L), with the prevalence of deficiency increasing with age. Closer to 20% have marginal status (plasma vitamin B-12: 148-221 pmol/L) in later life. In developing countries, deficiency is much more common, starting in early life and persisting across the life span. Inadequate intake, due to low consumption of animal-source foods, is the main cause of low serum vitamin B-12 in younger adults and likely the main cause in poor populations worldwide; in most studies, serum vitamin B-12 concentration is correlated with intake of this vitamin. In older persons, food-bound cobalamin malabsorption becomes the predominant cause of deficiency, at least in part due to gastric atrophy, but it is likely that most elderly can absorb the vitamin from fortified food. Fortification of flour with vitamin B-12 is likely to improve the status of most persons with low stores of this vitamin. However, intervention studies are still needed to assess efficacy and functional benefits of increasing intake of the amounts likely to be consumed in flour, including in elderly persons with varying degrees of gastric atrophy.
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              Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammation.

              Trevor Mori, Lawrence J Beilin (2004)
              Dietary omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids have a variety of anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects that may be of relevance to atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations of myocardial infarction, sudden death, and stroke. The n-3 fatty acids that appear to be most potent in this respect are the long-chain polyunsaturates derived from marine oils, namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and this review is restricted to these substances. A variety of biologic effects of EPA and DHA have been demonstrated from feeding studies with fish or fish oil supplements in humans and animals. These include effects on triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, platelet function, endothelial and vascular function, blood pressure, cardiac excitability, measures of oxidative stress, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and immune function. Epidemiologic studies provide evidence for a beneficial effect of n-3 fatty acids on manifestations of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke, whereas randomized, controlled, clinical feeding trials support this, particularly with respect to sudden cardiac death in patients with established disease. Clinically important anti-inflammatory effects in man are further suggested by trials demonstrating benefits of n-3 fatty acids in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disorders. Given the evidence relating progression of atherosclerosis to chronic inflammation, the n-3 fatty acids may play an important role via modulation of the inflammatory processes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): rchnut
                Title: Revista chilena de nutrición
                Abbreviated Title: Rev. chil. nutr.
                Publisher: Sociedad Chilena de Nutrición, Bromatología y Toxicología (Santiago, , Chile )
                ISSN (Electronic): 0717-7518
                Publication date (Print and electronic): June 2011
                Volume: 38
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 148-155
                Affiliations
                [01] Santiago orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos orgdiv2Centro de Lípidos Chile
                [02] Santiago orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos orgdiv2Dirección de Asistencia Técnica Chile
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0717-75182011000200005 Publisher ID: S0717-7518(11)03800200005
                DOI: 10.4067/S0717-75182011000200005
                SO-VID: 2f22bb1b-a74f-4777-a9db-f35431c62c3d
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date received : 24 August 2010
                Date accepted : 05 May 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                Subject: ARTÍCULOS ORIGINALES

                Keywords: nutritional value,chemical composition,composición química,scallops,valor nutricional,ostiones
                Data availability:
                Keywords: nutritional value, chemical composition, composición química, scallops, valor nutricional, ostiones

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