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      Factores asociados a la dependencia a benzodiacepinas en pacientes con insomnio Translated title: Factors associated with benzodiazepines dependence in insomnia patients

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          Resumen

          Introducción:

          el uso de benzodiacepinas como tratamiento para el insomnio puede tener efectos secundarios, como el deterioro de la coordinación que puede provocar caídas en adultos e, incluso, dependencia.

          Objetivo:

          evaluar los factores asociados a la dependencia a benzodiacepinas en pacientes con insomnio.

          Material y métodos:

          estudio observacional, transversal, prospectivo y analítico, llevado a cabo en el primer nivel de atención. Se seleccionaron pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de insomnio y prescripción de benzodiacepina. La dependencia se midió con la Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional.

          Resultados:

          se incluyeron 107 pacientes, la mediana de edad fue de 67 años, con predominio del sexo femenino (72%), el 74% cursó educación secundaria o más, el 71% tenía más de tres años con diagnóstico de insomnio, el 84% usaba clonazepan. El 54% presentó dependencia. En el análisis bivariado, la escolaridad primaria mostró una razón de momios (RM) de 0.392 (IC95%: 0.15-0.96), p = 0.038; el insomnio clínico moderado y grave RM de 3.618 (IC95%: 1.44-9.08) p = 0.005, y más de tres años de diagnóstico con una RM de 2.428 (IC95%: 1.03-5.71) p = 0.040. En el modelo multivariado, la escolaridad ( p = 0.084), los años de diagnóstico ( p = 0.062) y la frecuencia de consumo ( p = 0.065) obtuvieron una R 2 de 0.13.

          Conclusiones:

          los pacientes con escolaridad primaria mostraron un menor riesgo de presentar dependencia a benzodiacepinas. El riesgo se incrementó en los pacientes con más de tres años de diagnóstico y en aquellos con insomnio moderado y grave.

          Abstract

          Background:

          The use of benzodiazepines as a treatment for insomnia can have side effects such as impaired coordination causing falls in adults and even dependence.

          Objective:

          To assess the factors associated with dependence on benzodiazepines in patients with insomnia.

          Material and methods:

          Observational, cross-sectional, prospective, and analytical study, at the first level of care. Patients older than 18 years with a diagnosis of insomnia and a benzodiazepine prescription were selected. The dependency was measured with the International Neuropsychiatric Interview.

          Results:

          107 patients were included. Median age 67 years, predominantly female (72%), 74% attended secondary school or more, 71% had more than 3 years of diagnosis, 84% used clonazepam. The 54% presented dependency. In the bivariate analysis, schooling RM 0.392 (95%CI: 0.15-0.96) p = 0.038, moderate and severe clinical insomnia RM 3.618 (95%CI: 1.44-9.08) p = 0.005 and more than 3 years of diagnosis RM 2.428 (95%CI: 1.03-5.71) p = 0.040. In the multivariate model, schooling ( p = 0.084), years of diagnosis ( p = 0.062) and frequency of consumption ( p = 0.065) obtained an R 2 of 0.13.

          Conclusions:

          Primary schooling showed a lower risk of presenting dependence on benzodiazepines. The risk was increased in those with more than 3 years of diagnosis, and in those with moderate and severe insomnia.

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          Most cited references24

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          European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia

          This European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia was developed by a task force of the European Sleep Research Society, with the aim of providing clinical recommendations for the management of adult patients with insomnia. The guideline is based on a systematic review of relevant meta-analyses published till June 2016. The target audience for this guideline includes all clinicians involved in the management of insomnia, and the target patient population includes adults with chronic insomnia disorder. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system was used to grade the evidence and guide recommendations. The diagnostic procedure for insomnia, and its co-morbidities, should include a clinical interview consisting of a sleep history (sleep habits, sleep environment, work schedules, circadian factors), the use of sleep questionnaires and sleep diaries, questions about somatic and mental health, a physical examination and additional measures if indicated (i.e. blood tests, electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram; strong recommendation, moderate- to high-quality evidence). Polysomnography can be used to evaluate other sleep disorders if suspected (i.e. periodic limb movement disorder, sleep-related breathing disorders), in treatment-resistant insomnia, for professional at-risk populations and when substantial sleep state misperception is suspected (strong recommendation, high-quality evidence). Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is recommended as the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia in adults of any age (strong recommendation, high-quality evidence). A pharmacological intervention can be offered if cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is not sufficiently effective or not available. Benzodiazepines, benzodiazepine receptor agonists and some antidepressants are effective in the short-term treatment of insomnia (≤4 weeks; weak recommendation, moderate-quality evidence). Antihistamines, antipsychotics, melatonin and phytotherapeutics are not recommended for insomnia treatment (strong to weak recommendations, low- to very-low-quality evidence). Light therapy and exercise need to be further evaluated to judge their usefulness in the treatment of insomnia (weak recommendation, low-quality evidence). Complementary and alternative treatments (e.g. homeopathy, acupuncture) are not recommended for insomnia treatment (weak recommendation, very-low-quality evidence).
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            Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline.

            The purpose of this guideline is to establish clinical practice recommendations for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults, when such treatment is clinically indicated. Unlike previous meta-analyses, which focused on broad classes of drugs, this guideline focuses on individual drugs commonly used to treat insomnia. It includes drugs that are FDA-approved for the treatment of insomnia, as well as several drugs commonly used to treat insomnia without an FDA indication for this condition. This guideline should be used in conjunction with other AASM guidelines on the evaluation and treatment of chronic insomnia in adults.
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              DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

              Carl Bell (1994)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc
                Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc
                Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc
                Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social
                Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Ciudad de México, México )
                0443-5117
                2448-5667
                2023
                2023
                : 61
                : Suppl 3
                : S387-S394
                Affiliations
                [1] originalInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Hospital General de Zona con Medicina Familiar No. 8 “Dr Gilberto Flores Izquierdo”, Departamento de Enseñanza. Ciudad de México, México orgnameInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social México
                [2] originalInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Centro de Adiestramiento en Investigación Clínica. Ciudad de México, México orgnameInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social México
                [3] originalInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Centro de Investigación Educativa y Formación Docente. Ciudad de México, México orgnameInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social México
                [4] originalInstituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina. Ciudad de México, México orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional México
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-3570
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1859-3866
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5967-7222
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4019-9742
                Article
                10.5281/zenodo.8319759
                10732695
                37934733
                2eb67c25-f3db-46a0-8b67-f1c8f748e7d3
                Licencia CC 4.0 (BY-NC-ND) © 2023 Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.

                Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional.

                History
                : 24 January 2023
                : 10 February 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25
                Categories
                Aportación Original

                trastornos del inicio y del mantenimiento del sueño,benzodiazepinas,trastornos relacionados con sustancias,estudio observacional,sleep initiation and maintenance disorders,benzodiazepines,substance-related disorders,observational study

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