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      The Role of Heparan Sulfate in Inflammation, and the Development of Biomimetics as Anti-Inflammatory Strategies

      Author(s): 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 1
      Publication date Created:
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      Journal: Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry
      Publisher: SAGE Publications

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          Abstract

          <p class="first" id="d5409578e149">Key events that occur during inflammation include the recruitment, adhesion, and transmigration of leukocytes from the circulation to the site of inflammation. These events are modulated by chemokines, integrins, and selectins and the interaction of these molecules with glycosaminoglycans, predominantly heparan sulfate (HS). The development of HS/heparin mimetics that interfere or inhibit the interactions that occur between glycosaminoglycans and modulators of inflammation holds great potential for use as anti-inflammatory therapeutics. This review will detail the role of HS in the events that occur during inflammation, their interaction and modulation of inflammatory mediators, and the current advances in the development of HS/heparin mimetics as anti-inflammatory biotherapeutics. </p>

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          Heparan sulphate proteoglycans fine-tune mammalian physiology.

          Jeffrey Esko, Manuela Schuksz, Joseph R. Bishop … (2007)
          Heparan sulphate proteoglycans reside on the plasma membrane of all animal cells studied so far and are a major component of extracellular matrices. Studies of model organisms and human diseases have demonstrated their importance in development and normal physiology. A recurrent theme is the electrostatic interaction of the heparan sulphate chains with protein ligands, which affects metabolism, transport, information transfer, support and regulation in all organ systems. The importance of these interactions is exemplified by phenotypic studies of mice and humans bearing mutations in the core proteins or the biosynthetic enzymes responsible for assembling the heparan sulphate chains.
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            Interstitial dendritic cell guidance by haptotactic chemokine gradients.

            Michele Weber, Robert Hauschild, Jan Schwarz … (2013)
            Directional guidance of cells via gradients of chemokines is considered crucial for embryonic development, cancer dissemination, and immune responses. Nevertheless, the concept still lacks direct experimental confirmation in vivo. Here, we identify endogenous gradients of the chemokine CCL21 within mouse skin and show that they guide dendritic cells toward lymphatic vessels. Quantitative imaging reveals depots of CCL21 within lymphatic endothelial cells and steeply decaying gradients within the perilymphatic interstitium. These gradients match the migratory patterns of the dendritic cells, which directionally approach vessels from a distance of up to 90-micrometers. Interstitial CCL21 is immobilized to heparan sulfates, and its experimental delocalization or swamping the endogenous gradients abolishes directed migration. These findings functionally establish the concept of haptotaxis, directed migration along immobilized gradients, in tissues.
            Article 0 comments Cited 211 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Glycosaminoglycan binding and oligomerization are essential for the in vivo activity of certain chemokines.

              Amanda Proudfoot, Tracy M Handel, Zoe Johnson … (2003)
              During organogenesis, immunosurveillance, and inflammation, chemokines selectively recruit leukocytes by activating seven-transmembrane-spanning receptors. It has been suggested that an important component of this process is the formation of a haptotactic gradient by immobilization of chemokines on cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). However, this hypothesis has not been experimentally demonstrated in vivo. In the present study we investigated the effect of mutations in the GAG binding sites of three chemokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CC chemokine ligand (CCL)2, macrophage-inflammatory protein-1beta/CCL4, and RANTES/CCL5, on their ability to recruit cells in vivo. These mutant chemokines retain chemotactic activity in vitro, but they are unable to recruit cells when administered intraperitoneally. Additionally, monomeric variants, although fully active in vitro, are devoid of activity in vivo. These data demonstrate that both GAG binding and the ability to form higher-order oligomers are essential for the activity of particular chemokines in vivo, although they are not required for receptor activation in vitro. Thus, quaternary structure of chemokines and their interaction with GAGs may significantly contribute to the localization of leukocytes beyond migration patterns defined by chemokine receptor interactions.
              Article 0 comments Cited 170 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry
                Abbreviated Title: J Histochem Cytochem.
                Publisher: SAGE Publications
                ISSN (Print): 0022-1554
                ISSN (Electronic): 1551-5044
                Publication date Created: January 2018
                Publication date Created: April 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): January 2018
                Publication date (Print): April 2018
                Volume: 66
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 321-336
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
                [2 ]Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
                [3 ]Sydney Medical School–Northern, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
                Article
                DOI: 10.1369/0022155417740881
                PMC ID: 5958377
                PubMed ID: 29290153
                SO-VID: 2e77b73e-499c-4e04-99ea-0abdd9115b84
                Copyright © © 2018
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                http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license

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