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      Spatial distribution of antimicrobial resistance of extra-intestinal clinical Escherichia coli isolated from poultry farms in western provinces of Cuba Translated title: Distribución espacial de resistencia antimicrobiana en aislados clínicos extraintestinales de Escherichia coli procedentes de granjas comerciales de provincias occidentales de Cuba

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a worldwide concern and a threat to global public health. On the other hand, Escherichia coli has played a significant role in the evolution of AMR. The current study aimed to characterise the spatial pattern of AMR of extra-intestinal clinical E. coli isolated from commercial poultry in western provinces of Cuba. Data for the study covered January-2014 to December-2017. Trend analysis and exploratory description were carried out using R environment 4.0.4. ArcMap 10.4 was used for the spatial analysis by the Kernel Density Estimation method and visualisation map. Incremental trends in the frequency of resistance were observed during the study period. Kernel Density indicated that AMR was spatially distributed across the whole geographical region under study, although the highest density (high values) of AMR was located mainly in municipalities of Artemisa province. Areas of significantly higher and lower risk of AMR were identified in the Southeast and North of the region, respectively. Finally, the identification of the spatial distribution and relative risk surface of E. coli antimicrobial resistance from poultry farms in Cuba is a major step that contributes to optimise antimicrobial stewardship practices across the western region. This allows for improved preventive health measures and control strategies to prevent diseases and increase epidemiological surveillance.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN La resistencia antimicrobiana (RAM) es una preocupación mundial y una amenaza para la salud pública global. Por otra parte, Escherichia coli ha marcado una forma significativa en la evolución de la RAM. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el patrón espacial de la RAM en aislados extraintestinales de E. coli procedentes de aves comerciales de provincias occidentales de Cuba. Los datos del estudio abarcaron de enero del 2014 a diciembre del 2017. El análisis de tendencias y la descripción exploratoria se realizó con el lenguaje de programación de R versión 4.0.4. Para el análisis espacial se utilizó ArcGIS 10.4 mediante el método de estimación de densidad de Kernel y salida cartográfica. Se observaron tendencias al incremento en la frecuencia de resistencia durante el periodo de estudio. La densidad de Kernel indicó que la RAM se distribuyó espacialmente en toda la región geográfica de estudio, aunque la mayor densidad (valores altos) de RAM se localizó mayoritariamente en municipios de la provincia Artemisa. Se identificaron áreas de riesgo significativamente mayor y menor de RAM en el Sudeste y Norte de la región, respectivamente. Por último, la identificación de la distribución espacial y la superficie de riesgo relativo de resistencia antimicrobiana de E. coli procedente de granjas avícolas en Cuba es un paso importante que contribuye a optimizar las prácticas de administración de antimicrobianos en la región occidental. Esto permite mejorar las medidas sanitarias preventivas y las estrategias de control para evitar enfermedades y aumentar la vigilancia epidemiológica.

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          Bacteria from Animals as a Pool of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

          Antimicrobial agents are used in both veterinary and human medicine. The intensive use of antimicrobials in animals may promote the fixation of antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria, which may be zoonotic or capable to transfer these genes to human-adapted pathogens or to human gut microbiota via direct contact, food or the environment. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the use of antimicrobial agents in animal health and explores the role of bacteria from animals as a pool of antimicrobial resistance genes for human bacteria. This review focused in relevant examples within the ESC(K)APE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile (Klebsiella pneumoniae), Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae) group of bacterial pathogens that are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the world.
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            Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries: a scattered picture

            Data on comprehensive population-based surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is lacking. In low- and middle-income countries, the challenges are high due to weak laboratory capacity, poor health systems governance, lack of health information systems, and limited resources. Developing countries struggle with political and social dilemma, and bear a high health and economic burden of communicable diseases. Available data are fragmented and lack representativeness which limits their use to advice health policy makers and orientate the efficient allocation of funding and financial resources on programs to mitigate resistance. Low-quality data means soaring rates of antimicrobial resistance and the inability to track and map the spread of resistance, detect early outbreaks, and set national health policy to tackle resistance. Here, we review the barriers and limitations of conducting effective antimicrobial resistance surveillance, and we highlight multiple incremental approaches that may offer opportunities to strengthen population-based surveillance if tailored to the context of each country.
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              Veterinary Epidemiology

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rsa
                Revista de Salud Animal
                Rev Salud Anim.
                Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (La Habana, , Cuba )
                0253-570X
                2224-4700
                2023
                : 45
                : e08
                Affiliations
                [3] La Habana orgnameLivestock Management Group (GEGAN) orgdiv1Agriculture Ministry Cuba
                [1] San José de las Lajas Mayabeque orgnameNational Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA) Cuba
                [2] La Habana orgnamePoultry Research and Diagnosis Laboratory (LIDA) "Jesús Menéndez" Cuba
                Article
                S0253-570X2023000100008 S0253-570X(23)04500000008
                2e7357f1-932c-497c-aa03-b6043c12918c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 July 2023
                : 25 January 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                ORIGINAL ARTICLES

                Resistencia antimicrobiana,poultry,relative risk,Kernel Density,Escherichia coli,Antimicrobial resistance,riesgo relativo,densidad de Kernel,aves comerciales

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