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      First detection and molecular identification of Borrelia species in Bactrian camel ( Camelus bactrianus) from Northwest China

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          Abstract

          Comprehensive epidemiological surveys for Lyme disease have not been conducted for the Bactrian camel in China. In this study, a total of 138 blood specimens collected from Bactrian camels from Zhangye City in Gansu Province and Yili and Aksu in Xinjiang Province, China, were examined for the presence of Borrelia spp. Species-specificity nested PCR based on the 5S-23S rRNA, OspA, flaB and 16S rRNA genes revealed that the total positive rate of Borrelia spp. was 3.6% (5/138, 95% CI = 0.2–17.9). These results were confirmed by sequence analysis of the positive PCR products or positive colonies. This is the first report of Borrelia pathogens in camels in China. Two Borrelia species that cause Lyme disease and one that causes relapsing fever were identified in the camel blood samples by sequencing. The findings of this study indicate that the Bactrian camel may serve as a potential natural host of Lyme disease and/or relapsing fever in China.

          Highlights

          • •

            This is the first report of Borrelia pathogens using molecular tools in Bactrian camel.

          • •

            Bactrian camel may play as potential natural host of Lyme disease in China.

          • •

            The results revealed that the prevalence of Borrelia spp. were 3.6% based on sequences of four genes.

          • •

            A novel Borrelia genespecies belong to Relapsing fever Borrelia spp. was found.

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          Most cited references33

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          Hosts as ecological traps for the vector of Lyme disease.

          F Keesing, M Killilea, Richard Ostfeld … (2009)
          Vectors of infectious diseases are generally thought to be regulated by abiotic conditions such as climate or the availability of specific hosts or habitats. In this study we tested whether blacklegged ticks, the vectors of Lyme disease, granulocytic anaplasmosis and babesiosis can be regulated by the species of vertebrate hosts on which they obligately feed. By subjecting field-caught hosts to parasitism by larval blacklegged ticks, we found that some host species (e.g. opossums, squirrels) that are abundantly parasitized in nature kill 83-96% of the ticks that attempt to attach and feed, while other species are more permissive of tick feeding. Given natural tick burdens we document on these hosts, we show that some hosts can kill thousands of ticks per hectare. These results indicate that the abundance of tick vectors can be regulated by the identity of the hosts upon which these vectors feed. By simulating the removal of hosts from intact communities using empirical models, we show that the loss of biodiversity may exacerbate disease risk by increasing both vector numbers and vector infection rates with a zoonotic pathogen.
          Article 0 comments Cited 89 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato evidenced by restriction fragment length polymorphism of rrf (5S)-rrl (23S) intergenic spacer amplicons.

            D Postic, M-V Assous, P Grimont … (1994)
            The organization of the ribosomal genes is unique in Borrelia burgdorferi in that the rrl (23S) and rrf (5S) genes are tandemly duplicated. We took advantage of this uniqueness to assess the restriction polymorphism of PCR products obtained with primers at the 3' end of the first rrf gene and at the 5' end of the second rrl gene. An amplicon that was 226 to 266 bp long was generated from 99 to 100 B. burgdorferi sensu lato strains. The nuclease MseI restriction polymorphism of the amplicons provided a useful tool for identifying B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afzelii (formerly group VS461), and Borrelia japonica (formerly group F63B). Furthermore, it allowed us to recognize four new genomic groups, which were confirmed by DNA-DNA hybridization data. Two of these genomic groups comprised European strains, and the other two groups contained American strains. The American genomic groups involved vectors with enzootic cycles quite different from those of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, which previously was the only Lyme disease Borrelia species known to occur in the United States. Our method could be used for rapid screening of strain collections and for epidemiological and medical purposes.
            Article 0 comments Cited 78 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Genetics of Borrelia burgdorferi.

              Dustin Brisson, Dan Drecktrah, Christian H. Eggers … (2012)
              The spirochetes in the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies group cycle in nature between tick vectors and vertebrate hosts. The current assemblage of B. burgdorferi sensu lato, of which three species cause Lyme disease in humans, originated from a rapid species radiation that occurred near the origin of the clade. All of these species share a unique genome structure that is highly segmented and predominantly composed of linear replicons. One of the circular plasmids is a prophage that exists as several isoforms in each cell and can be transduced to other cells, likely contributing to an otherwise relatively anemic level of horizontal gene transfer, which nevertheless appears to be adequate to permit strong natural selection and adaptation in populations of B. burgdorferi. Although the molecular genetic toolbox is meager, several antibiotic-resistant mutants have been isolated, and the resistance alleles, as well as some exogenous genes, have been fashioned into markers to dissect gene function. Genetic studies have probed the role of the outer membrane lipoprotein OspC, which is maintained in nature by multiple niche polymorphisms and negative frequency-dependent selection. One of the most intriguing genetic systems in B. burgdorferi is vls recombination, which generates antigenic variation during infection of mammalian hosts.
              Article 0 comments Cited 60 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Qingli Niu
                Zhijie Liu
                Jifei Yang
                Jianxun Luo
                Hong Yin
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Infect Genet Evol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Infect. Genet. Evol
                Title: Infection, Genetics and Evolution
                Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 1567-1348
                ISSN (Electronic): 1567-7257
                Publication date PMC-release: 26 June 2018
                Publication date (Print): October 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 June 2018
                Volume: 64
                Pages: 149-155
                Affiliations
                [a ]State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
                [b ]Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
                [c ]Agricultural College of Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, PR China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding authors at: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China. niuqingli@ 123456caas.cn yinhong@ 123456caas.cn
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1567-1348(18)30440-4
                DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.028
                PMC ID: 7106200
                PubMed ID: 29940348
                SO-VID: 2e3218db-0cce-4225-8960-180453fc8b0b
                Copyright © © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 5 April 2017
                Date revision received : 21 June 2018
                Date accepted : 22 June 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
                Keywords: borrelia spp.,bactrian camel,nested pcr
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
                Keywords: borrelia spp., bactrian camel, nested pcr

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