Analysis of related factors of plasma antibody levels in patients with severe and critical COVID-19

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Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to impact global public health. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become less virulent as it mutates, prompting China to ease restrictions at the end of 2022. With the complete reopening, a surge in COVID-19 cases has ensued. Therefore, we conducted a study to explore the correlation between plasma antibody levels and baseline conditions or clinical outcomes in severe and critical patients. We collected the basic information of 79 included patients. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were performed on plasma samples. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) IgG antibody level of the mild group was significantly higher than that of the severe/critical group ( P = 0.00049). And in the severe/critical group, there existed an association between plasma antibody levels and age ( P < 0.001, r = − 0.471), as well as plasma antibody levels and vaccination status ( P = 0.00147, eta ² = 0.211). Besides, the level of plasma antibody seemed to be moderately correlated with the age, indicating the need for heightened attention to infections in the elderly. And plasma antibody levels were strongly associated with vaccination status in the severe/critical patients.

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A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

Na Zhu, Dingyu Zhang, Wenling Wang … (2020)

Summary In December 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause was linked to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China. A previously unknown betacoronavirus was discovered through the use of unbiased sequencing in samples from patients with pneumonia. Human airway epithelial cells were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, named 2019-nCoV, which formed a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily. Different from both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV is the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that infect humans. Enhanced surveillance and further investigation are ongoing. (Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Major Project for Control and Prevention of Infectious Disease in China.)

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COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival

Wilfredo Garcia-Beltran, Evan Lam, Michael G Astudillo … (2020)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibits variable symptom severity ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening, yet the relationship between severity and the humoral immune response is poorly understood. We examined antibody responses in 113 COVID-19 patients and found that severe cases resulting in intubation or death exhibited increased inflammatory markers, lymphopenia, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and high anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody levels. Although anti-RBD immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels generally correlated with neutralization titer, quantitation of neutralization potency revealed that high potency was a predictor of survival. In addition to neutralization of wild-type SARS-CoV-2, patient sera were also able to neutralize the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 mutant D614G, suggesting cross-protection from reinfection by either strain. However, SARS-CoV-2 sera generally lacked cross-neutralization to a highly homologous pre-emergent bat coronavirus, WIV1-CoV, which has not yet crossed the species barrier. These results highlight the importance of neutralizing humoral immunity on disease progression and the need to develop broadly protective interventions to prevent future coronavirus pandemics.

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Age-related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2

Dami A. Collier, Isabella Ferreira, Prasanti Kotagiri … (2021)

Although two-dose mRNA vaccination provides excellent protection against SARS-CoV-2, there is little information about vaccine efficacy against variants of concern (VOC) in individuals above eighty years of age 1 . Here we analysed immune responses following vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine 2 in elderly participants and younger healthcare workers. Serum neutralization and levels of binding IgG or IgA after the first vaccine dose were lower in older individuals, with a marked drop in participants over eighty years old. Sera from participants above eighty showed lower neutralization potency against the B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta) and P.1. (Gamma) VOC than against the wild-type virus and were more likely to lack any neutralization against VOC following the first dose. However, following the second dose, neutralization against VOC was detectable regardless of age. The frequency of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific memory B cells was higher in elderly responders (whose serum showed neutralization activity) than in non-responders after the first dose. Elderly participants showed a clear reduction in somatic hypermutation of class-switched cells. The production of interferon-γ and interleukin-2 by SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T cells was lower in older participants, and both cytokines were secreted primarily by CD4 T cells. We conclude that the elderly are a high-risk population and that specific measures to boost vaccine responses in this population are warranted, particularly where variants of concern are circulating. Individuals over eighty years of age are less likely to mount a good immune response against SARS-CoV-2 (measured by neutralization titres) after the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, but achieve good neutralization after the second dose.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Ling Li: 553284722@qq.com

Zhong Liu:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-9656

liuz@ibt.pumc.edu.cn

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep

Title: Scientific Reports

Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322

Publication date (Electronic): 31 January 2024

Publication date PMC-release: 31 January 2024

Publication date Collection: 2024

Volume: 14

Electronic Location Identifier: 2581

Affiliations

[1 ]Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, ( https://ror.org/02drdmm93) 26 Huacai Road, Longtan Industry Zone, Chenghua District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China

[2 ]GRID grid.506261.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0706 7839, Key Laboratory of Transfusion Adverse Reactions, , CAMS, ; Chengdu, Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China

[3 ]GRID grid.411525.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0369 1599, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, , Shanghai Changhai Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, ; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

[4 ]GRID grid.460068.c, ISNI 0000 0004 1757 9645, Department of Blood Transfusion, , The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, ; 82 Qinglong Street, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China

[5 ]College of Public, Hygiene of Anhui Medical University, ( https://ror.org/03xb04968) Hefei, Anhui Province People’s Republic of China

Author information

Zhong Liu http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-9656

Article

Publisher ID: 52572

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52572-9

PMC ID: 10831068

PubMed ID: 38297067

SO-VID: 2e28340f-5ef2-4c3c-9f41-8ce312f3887a

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 13 October 2023

Date accepted : 20 January 2024

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

Keywords: medical research,immunology,adaptive immunity,infection,infectious diseases,vaccines

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

Keywords: medical research, immunology, adaptive immunity, infection, infectious diseases, vaccines

Analysis of related factors of plasma antibody levels in patients with severe and critical COVID-19

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 16

A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival

Age-related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2

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