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      UTILIZAÇÃO DE DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER COMO BIOINDICADOR NA AVALIAÇÃO DA LETALIDADE DE EXTRATO DE NICOTIANA TABACUM Translated title: USE OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER AS BIOINDICATORS IN THE EVALUATION OF THE LETHALITY OF EXTRACTS OF NICOTIANA TABACUM

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          Abstract

          RESUMO Nicotiana tabacumLinnaeus é uma planta de importância econômica, explorada comercialmente em todo o mundo. Quimicamente, destaca-se pela presença de alcalóides pirimidínicos, como a anabasina e a nicotina, além de esteroides, cumarinas e terpenos. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a concentração do extrato aquoso do tabaco que mata aproximadamente 50% da população do bioindicador Drosophila melanogaster Morgan em 24h (CL50). Foram utilizados o total de 689 indivíduos da linhagem selvagem de D. melanogaster que foram expostos às concentrações 0, 5, 10 e 15% do extrato aquoso de tabaco. A mortalidade dos indivíduos foi contabilizada em 24h e 48h após aplicação do extrato. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o extrato aquoso de N. tabacum promove morte dos indivíduos em todas as concentrações testadas. Em 24h, o extrato aquoso na concentração a 10% matou 50% das moscas. Houve uma correlação entre o aumento da concentração de fumo com aumento da mortalidade. Estes resultados reforçam a relevância das investigações sobre o tabaco, devido a suas propriedades tóxicas e por ser consumido por milhões de pessoas no mundo.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Nicotiana tabacum Linnaeus is a plant of economic importance, raised commercially throughout the world. Chemically, there is the presence of pyrimidine alkaloids, such as anabasina and nicotine, along with steroids, coumarins and terpenes. The present study was aimed to measure the concentration of the aqueous extract of tobacco that will kill approximately 50% of the population of bioindicator Drosophila melanogaster Morgan in 24 hours (LC50). A total of 689 individuals from the wild strain of D. melanogaster were exposed to the tobacco aqueous extract at concentrations of 0, 5, 10 and 15%. Mortality of individuals was recorded at 24h and 48h after exposure to the extract. The results showed that the aqueous extract of N. tabacum promoted death of individuals at all concentrations tested. In 24 hours, the 10% solution killed 50% of the flies. There was a correlation between increased solution concentration and increased mortality. These results underscore the relevance of research on tobacco, due to its toxic properties and its being consumed by millions of people around the world, along with the use of D. melanogaster as an efficient bioindicator organism due to its easy maintenance and large number of individuals.

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          Most cited references23

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          Menthol cigarettes, smoking cessation, atherosclerosis, and pulmonary function: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.

          African American smokers are more likely to experience tobacco-related morbidity and mortality than European American smokers, and higher rates of menthol cigarette smoking may contribute to these disparities. We prospectively measured cumulative exposure to menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes and smoking cessation behavior (1985-2000), coronary calcification (2000), and 10-year change in pulmonary function (1985-1995) in African American and European American smokers recruited in 1985 for the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. We identified 1535 smokers in 1985 (972 menthol and 563 nonmenthol); 89% of African Americans preferred menthol vs 29% of European Americans (P<.001). After adjustment for ethnicity, demographics, and social factors, we found nonsignificant trends in menthol smokers toward lower cessation (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49-1.02; P = .06) and recent quit attempt (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.56-1.06; P = .11) rates and a significant increase in the risk of relapse (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.17-3.05; P = .009). Per pack-year of exposure, however, we found no differences from menthol in tobacco-related coronary calcification (adjusted OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.01-1.60 for menthol cigarettes and 1.33; 95% CI, 1.06-1.68 for nonmenthol cigarettes per 10-pack-year increase; P = .75 for comparison) or 10-year pulmonary function decline (adjusted excess decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second, 84 mL; 95% CI, 32-137 for menthol cigarettes and 80 mL; 95% CI, 30-129 for nonmenthol cigarettes, per 10-pack-year increase; P = .88 for comparison). Menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes seem to be equally harmful per cigarette smoked in terms of atherosclerosis and pulmonary function decline, but menthol cigarettes may be harder to quit smoking.
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            Contribution of changes in risk factors to the decline of coronary heart disease mortality in Australia over three decades.

            Coronary heart disease has been a major cause of mortality in Australian adults, but the rate has declined by 83% from the 1968 peak by the year 2000. The study objective is to determine the contribution of changes in population risk factors - mean serum cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure and tobacco smoking prevalence - to the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in Australia over three decades. Coronary heart disease deaths (International Classification of Disease-9, 410-414) and population by year, age group and sex were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Risk factor levels were obtained from population surveys and estimated average annual changes by period were used to calculate average annual 'attributable' proportional declines in CHD mortality by period (age 35-64 years). Over the period 1968-2000, 74% of male decline and 81% of the female decline in coronary heart disease mortality rate was accounted for by the combined effect of reductions in the three risk factors. In males 36% of the decline was contributed by reductions in diastolic blood pressure, 22% by cholesterol and 16% by smoking. For females 56% was from diastolic blood pressure reduction, 20% from cholesterol and 5% from smoking. Effects of reductions in serum cholesterol on coronary heart disease mortality occurred mainly in the 1970s. Declines in diastolic blood pressure had effects on coronary heart disease mortality over the three decades, and declines in tobacco smoking had a significant effect in males in the 1980s. Most of the spectacular decline in coronary heart disease mortality over the last three decades in Australia can be ascribed to reductions in population risk factors from primary and secondary prevention.
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              Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in lung cancer are linked to bronchioloalveolar differentiation.

              In lung cancer, an association was made between drastic clinical response to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors and the presence of somatic mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain of the EGFR. In some cases, patients with partial response or disease stabilization do not always have EGFR-mutated tumors. To go further in the characterization of the EGF pathway, we screened EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB3, KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA for mutations in 2 groups of White patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (45 cancers from women and 46 cancers from men). Associations between TP53 mutations, clinicopathologic parameters, and EGF pathway molecular alterations were analyzed. All mutations were exclusive and essentially found in EGFR and KRAS. We demonstrated that EGFR mutations were linked to female sex, absence of smoking, late age at diagnosis, and adenocarcinoma (ADC) with bronchioloalveolar (BAC) features. Moreover, in invasive ADC with BAC component, microdissection assays showed that mutations were retrieved in both tumor subtypes suggesting that EGFR mutations appear early in lung carcinogenesis. On the contrary, KRAS mutations correlated with smoking, younger age at diagnosis, and ADC subtype regardless of BAC differentiation. These results suggest the existence of distinct carcinogenesis pathways both leading to disruption of EGF regulation and targeted either by tobacco carcinogens or by unidentified toxic. The identification of BAC features in ADC helps clustering patients that are more likely to fit the EGFR-mutated group.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                aib
                Arquivos do Instituto Biológico
                Arq. Inst. Biol.
                Instituto Biológico (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0020-3653
                1808-1657
                September 2009
                : 76
                : 3
                : 471-474
                Affiliations
                [01] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameInstituto Butantan orgdiv1Departamento de Parasitologia Brazil
                [02] Guarulhos São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Guarulhos orgdiv1Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Brazil
                Article
                S1808-16572009000300471 S1808-1657(09)07600300471
                10.1590/1808-1657v76p4712009
                2de9b105-7ea2-4dfb-91e3-16f25b7b70c1

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 March 2008
                : 18 May 2009
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 4
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Comunicação Científica

                biondicador,bioindicator,Drosophila melanogaster,insecticide,Nicotiana tabacum,LC50,,inseticida

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