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      Chromosomal Evolution in Chiroptera

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 3 , *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Genes
      Publisher: MDPI
      Keywords: bats, chromosomal rearrangements, cytogenomics, karyotype, phylogeny

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          Abstract

          Chiroptera is the second largest order among mammals, with over 1300 species in 21 extant families. The group is extremely diverse in several aspects of its natural history, including dietary strategies, ecology, behavior and morphology. Bat genomes show ample chromosome diversity (from 2n = 14 to 62). As with other mammalian orders, Chiroptera is characterized by clades with low, moderate and extreme chromosomal change. In this article, we will discuss trends of karyotypic evolution within distinct bat lineages (especially Phyllostomidae, Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae), focusing on two perspectives: evolution of genome architecture, modes of chromosomal evolution, and the use of chromosome data to resolve taxonomic problems.

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          Most cited references135

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          The evolution of echolocation in bats.

          G JONES, E TEELING (2006)
          Recent molecular phylogenies have changed our perspective on the evolution of echolocation in bats. These phylogenies suggest that certain bats with sophisticated echolocation (e.g. horseshoe bats) share a common ancestry with non-echolocating bats (e.g. Old World fruit bats). One interpretation of these trees presumes that laryngeal echolocation (calls produced in the larynx) probably evolved in the ancestor of all extant bats. Echolocation might have subsequently been lost in Old World fruit bats, only to evolve secondarily (by tongue clicking) in this family. Remarkable acoustic features such as Doppler shift compensation, whispering echolocation and nasal emission of sound each show multiple convergent origins in bats. The extensive adaptive radiation in echolocation call design is shaped largely by ecology, showing how perceptual challenges imposed by the environment can often override phylogenetic constraints.
          Article 0 comments Cited 153 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Speciation dynamics during the global radiation of extant bats.

            Jeff J. Shi, Daniel L. Rabosky (2015)
            Species richness varies widely across extant clades, but the causes of this variation remain poorly understood. We investigate the role of diversification rate heterogeneity in shaping patterns of diversity across families of extant bats. To provide a robust framework for macroevolutionary inference, we assemble a time-calibrated, species-level phylogeny using a supermatrix of mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. We analyze the phylogeny using a Bayesian method for modeling complex evolutionary dynamics. Surprisingly, we find that variation in family richness can largely be explained without invoking heterogeneous diversification dynamics. We document only a single well-supported shift in diversification dynamics across bats, occurring at the base of the subfamily Stenodermatinae. Bat diversity is phylogenetically imbalanced, but-contrary to previous hypotheses-this pattern is unexplained by any simple patterns of diversification rate heterogeneity. This discordance may indicate that diversification dynamics are more complex than can be captured using the statistical tools available for modeling data at this scale. We infer that bats as a whole are almost entirely united into one macroevolutionary cohort, with decelerating speciation through time. There is also a significant relationship between clade age and richness, suggesting that global bat diversity may still be expanding.
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              The evolutionary history of human DNA transposons: evidence for intense activity in the primate lineage.

              K Pace, Cédric Feschotte (2007)
              Class 2, or DNA transposons, make up approximately 3% of the human genome, yet the evolutionary history of these elements has been largely overlooked and remains poorly understood. Here we carried out the first comprehensive analysis of the activity of human DNA transposons over the course of primate evolution using three independent computational methods. First, we conducted an exhaustive search for human DNA transposons nested within L1 and Alu elements known to be primate specific. Second, we assessed the presence/absence of 794 human DNA transposons at orthologous positions in 10 mammalian species using sequence data generated by The ENCODE Project. These two approaches, which do not rely upon sequence divergence, allowed us to classify DNA transposons into three different categories: anthropoid specific (40-63 My), primate specific (64-80 My), and eutherian wide (81-150 My). Finally, we used this data to calculate the substitution rates of DNA transposons for each category and refine the age of each family based on the average percent divergence of individual copies to their consensus. Based on these combined methods, we can confidently estimate that at least 40 human DNA transposon families, representing approximately 98,000 elements ( approximately 33 Mb) in the human genome, have been active in the primate lineage. There was a cessation in the transpositional activity of DNA transposons during the later phase of the primate radiation, with no evidence of elements younger than approximately 37 My. This data points to intense activity of DNA transposons during the mammalian radiation and early primate evolution, followed, apparently, by their mass extinction in an anthropoid primate ancestor.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genes (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genes (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): genes
                Title: Genes
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2073-4425
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 October 2017
                Publication date Collection: October 2017
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 272
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50740-600, Brazil; cibele.caio@ 123456gmail.com
                [2 ]Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; robert.baker@ 123456ttu.edu
                [3 ]Department of Human Genetics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: marianne.volleth@ 123456med.ovgu.de ; Tel.: +49-(0)391-6715342
                Article
                Publisher ID: genes-08-00272
                DOI: 10.3390/genes8100272
                PMC ID: 5664122
                PubMed ID: 29027987
                SO-VID: 2da2eb8c-c4a2-4a99-a21a-94f1d84ecacc
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 05 September 2017
                Date accepted : 06 October 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: bats,chromosomal rearrangements,cytogenomics,karyotype,phylogeny
                Data availability:
                Keywords: bats, chromosomal rearrangements, cytogenomics, karyotype, phylogeny

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