10
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
2 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Complex, diverse and changing agribusiness and livelihood systems in the Amazon Translated title: Complexidade, diversidade e mudanças no cenário agricultural na Amazônia

      review-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Finding pathways to more sustainable agriculture and resource use remains the most pressing challenge for Amazonian countries. Characterizing recent changes in the structure and types of agrarian production systems, this review identifies responses to deal with the challenges and opportunities to promote more sustainable production and extraction economies in the Amazon. While regional agriculture and resource economies rest on a rich diversity of producers, knowledge, and production systems, the expansion of agribusiness enterprises has come to dominate the distribution of subsidies, institutional support, and logistical infrastructure. These trends are associated with forest loss and degradation, pollution of waterways, pressures on and/or displacement of indigenous and rural communities, and increased greenhouse gas emissions, all of which undermine ecosystem services. We analyzed the diverse and complex impacts of socio-economic and hydro-climatic changes on livelihoods, environments and biodiversity in Amazonian countries, with a more in-depth focus on changes in key agrarian production systems in the Brazilian Amazon using agrarian census data from 1995, 2006, and 2017. The quantitative analysis is complemented by a qualitative and empirically grounded discussion that provides insights into the changes and impacts of different activities, how they are interlinked, and how they differ across Amazonian countries. Finally, we provide recommendations towards promoting adaptive, profitable, and more sustainable smallholder production and management systems that reduce deforestation and support local communities and economies in the context of increasing urbanization and climate change.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Encontrar caminhos para a agricultura e uso dos recursos mais sustantáveis ainda apresenta o desafio mais urgente para os países amazônicos. Esta revisão caracteriza o status quo e as mudanças recentes na estrutura e nos tipos de sistemas de produção rural, e identifica respostas para lidar com os desafios e oportunidades na promoção de economias extrativistas e agrícolas mais sustentáveis na Amazônia. Enquanto a agricultura regional e economia de recursos se baseiam em uma rica diversidade de produtores, conhecimentos, e sistemas de produção, a expansão do agronegócio chegou a dominar a distribuição de subsidios, o apoio institucional e a infraestrutura logística. Estas tendências estão associadas com a perda e a degradação das florestas, a poluição das águas, pressão e/ou deslocamento de comunidades indígenas e rurais, bem como o incremento nas emissões de gases com efeito de estufa, minando os serviços ecossistêmicos. Analisamos os impactos diversos e complexos das mudanças sócio-econômicas e hidroclimáticas sobre sistemas de produão, nos meio-ambientes e na biodiversidade nos países amazônicos, com um enfoque mais aprofundado sobre os sistema-chave de produção agrária na Amazônia brasileira usando dados dos censos agropecuários de 1995, 2006 e 2017. A análise quantitativa é complementada por uma discussão qualitativa e empiricamente fundadas sobre as mudanças e impactos de diferentes atividades, como estão interligadas, e como diferem entre os vários países amazônicos. Finalmente oferecemos recomendações para a promoção de sistemas de produção e gestão de pequenos agricultores adaptáveis, rentáveis e mais sustentáveis, que reduzam o desmatamento e apoiem as comunidades e economias locais no contexto da crescente urbanização e mudanças climáticas.

          Related collections

          Most cited references337

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: not found
          • Book: not found

          Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy

          W Arthur (1994)
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Abrupt increases in Amazonian tree mortality due to drought-fire interactions.

            Interactions between climate and land-use change may drive widespread degradation of Amazonian forests. High-intensity fires associated with extreme weather events could accelerate this degradation by abruptly increasing tree mortality, but this process remains poorly understood. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first field-based evidence of a tipping point in Amazon forests due to altered fire regimes. Based on results of a large-scale, long-term experiment with annual and triennial burn regimes (B1yr and B3yr, respectively) in the Amazon, we found abrupt increases in fire-induced tree mortality (226 and 462%) during a severe drought event, when fuel loads and air temperatures were substantially higher and relative humidity was lower than long-term averages. This threshold mortality response had a cascading effect, causing sharp declines in canopy cover (23 and 31%) and aboveground live biomass (12 and 30%) and favoring widespread invasion by flammable grasses across the forest edge area (80 and 63%), where fires were most intense (e.g., 220 and 820 kW ⋅ m(-1)). During the droughts of 2007 and 2010, regional forest fires burned 12 and 5% of southeastern Amazon forests, respectively, compared with <1% in nondrought years. These results show that a few extreme drought events, coupled with forest fragmentation and anthropogenic ignition sources, are already causing widespread fire-induced tree mortality and forest degradation across southeastern Amazon forests. Future projections of vegetation responses to climate change across drier portions of the Amazon require more than simulation of global climate forcing alone and must also include interactions of extreme weather events, fire, and land-use change.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: found
              Is Open Access

              Global Conservation Significance of Ecuador's Yasuní National Park

              Background The threats facing Ecuador's Yasuní National Park are emblematic of those confronting the greater western Amazon, one of the world's last high-biodiversity wilderness areas. Notably, the country's second largest untapped oil reserves—called “ITT”—lie beneath an intact, remote section of the park. The conservation significance of Yasuní may weigh heavily in upcoming state-level and international decisions, including whether to develop the oil or invest in alternatives. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted the first comprehensive synthesis of biodiversity data for Yasuní. Mapping amphibian, bird, mammal, and plant distributions, we found eastern Ecuador and northern Peru to be the only regions in South America where species richness centers for all four taxonomic groups overlap. This quadruple richness center has only one viable strict protected area (IUCN levels I–IV): Yasuní. The park covers just 14% of the quadruple richness center's area, whereas active or proposed oil concessions cover 79%. Using field inventory data, we compared Yasuní's local (alpha) and landscape (gamma) diversity to other sites, in the western Amazon and globally. These analyses further suggest that Yasuní is among the most biodiverse places on Earth, with apparent world richness records for amphibians, reptiles, bats, and trees. Yasuní also protects a considerable number of threatened species and regional endemics. Conclusions/Significance Yasuní has outstanding global conservation significance due to its extraordinary biodiversity and potential to sustain this biodiversity in the long term because of its 1) large size and wilderness character, 2) intact large-vertebrate assemblage, 3) IUCN level-II protection status in a region lacking other strict protected areas, and 4) likelihood of maintaining wet, rainforest conditions while anticipated climate change-induced drought intensifies in the eastern Amazon. However, further oil development in Yasuní jeopardizes its conservation values. These findings form the scientific basis for policy recommendations, including stopping any new oil activities and road construction in Yasuní and creating areas off-limits to large-scale development in adjacent northern Peru.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                aa
                Acta Amazonica
                Acta Amaz.
                Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (Manaus, AM, Brazil )
                0044-5967
                1809-4392
                2024
                : 54
                : spe1
                : e54es22096
                Affiliations
                [1] Belém Pará orgnameUniversidade Federal do Pará orgdiv1Center for Advanced Amazonian Studies Brazil
                [2] Belém Pará orgnameUniversidade Federal do Pará orgdiv1Graduate Program in Economics Brazil
                [3] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Brazil
                [4] Worcester Massachusetts orgnameClark University orgdiv1Department of International Development, Community and Environment United States
                [5] Indiana orgnameIndiana University Bloomington orgdiv1Department of Anthropology USA
                [6] Manaus Amazonas orgnameInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia orgdiv1Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental Brazil
                [7] Zurich orgnameETH Zürich orgdiv1Environmental Policy Lab Switzerland
                [8] orgnameUniversity of California Los Angeles orgdiv1Luskin School of Public Policy USA
                [9] Ithaca New York orgnameCornell University United States
                [10] Santarém Pará orgnameUniversidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA) orgdiv1Graduate Program in Society, Nature and Development Brazil
                [11] Worcester Massachusetts orgnameClark University orgdiv1Graduate School of Geography United States
                [12] Manaus Amazonas orgnameUniversidade Federal do Amazonas orgdiv1Agricultural Ecology Brazil
                [13] Gainesville Florida orgnameUniversity of Florida orgdiv1Center for Latin American Studies United States
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6171-263X
                Article
                S0044-59672024001001301 S0044-5967(24)05400101301
                10.1590/1809-4392202200960
                2d77cfc6-be18-4735-874b-ce9a7e41ec48

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 March 2022
                : 04 January 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 349, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                especulação de terras,production trajectories,agriculture,livestock,agroforestry,fisheries,land speculation,trajetórias de produção,agricultura,gado,agrofloresta,pescaria

                Comments

                Comment on this article