Enhancement strategies for transdermal drug delivery systems: current trends and applications

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Transdermal drug delivery systems have become an intriguing research topic in pharmaceutical technology area and one of the most frequently developed pharmaceutical products in global market. The use of these systems can overcome associated drawbacks of other delivery routes, such as oral and parenteral. The authors will review current trends, and future applications of transdermal technologies, with specific focus on providing a comprehensive understanding of transdermal drug delivery systems and enhancement strategies. This article will initially discuss each transdermal enhancement method used in the development of first-generation transdermal products. These methods include drug/vehicle interactions, vesicles and particles, stratum corneum modification, energy-driven methods and stratum corneum bypassing techniques. Through suitable design and implementation of active stratum corneum bypassing methods, notably microneedle technology, transdermal delivery systems have been shown to deliver both low and high molecular weight drugs. Microneedle technology platforms have proven themselves to be more versatile than other transdermal systems with opportunities for intradermal delivery of drugs/biotherapeutics and therapeutic drug monitoring. These have shown that microneedles have been a prospective strategy for improving transdermal delivery systems.

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Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019

Roman Wölfel, Victor M Corman, Wolfgang Guggemos … (2020)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infection of the respiratory tract that emerged in late 20191,2. Initial outbreaks in China involved 13.8% of cases with severe courses, and 6.1% of cases with critical courses3. This severe presentation may result from the virus using a virus receptor that is expressed predominantly in the lung2,4; the same receptor tropism is thought to have determined the pathogenicity-but also aided in the control-of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 20035. However, there are reports of cases of COVID-19 in which the patient shows mild upper respiratory tract symptoms, which suggests the potential for pre- or oligosymptomatic transmission6-8. There is an urgent need for information on virus replication, immunity and infectivity in specific sites of the body. Here we report a detailed virological analysis of nine cases of COVID-19 that provides proof of active virus replication in tissues of the upper respiratory tract. Pharyngeal virus shedding was very high during the first week of symptoms, with a peak at 7.11 × 108 RNA copies per throat swab on day 4. Infectious virus was readily isolated from samples derived from the throat or lung, but not from stool samples-in spite of high concentrations of virus RNA. Blood and urine samples never yielded virus. Active replication in the throat was confirmed by the presence of viral replicative RNA intermediates in the throat samples. We consistently detected sequence-distinct virus populations in throat and lung samples from one patient, proving independent replication. The shedding of viral RNA from sputum outlasted the end of symptoms. Seroconversion occurred after 7 days in 50% of patients (and by day 14 in all patients), but was not followed by a rapid decline in viral load. COVID-19 can present as a mild illness of the upper respiratory tract. The confirmation of active virus replication in the upper respiratory tract has implications for the containment of COVID-19.

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Transdermal drug delivery.

Mark Prausnitz, Robert (Bob) Langer (2008)

Transdermal drug delivery has made an important contribution to medical practice, but has yet to fully achieve its potential as an alternative to oral delivery and hypodermic injections. First-generation transdermal delivery systems have continued their steady increase in clinical use for delivery of small, lipophilic, low-dose drugs. Second-generation delivery systems using chemical enhancers, noncavitational ultrasound and iontophoresis have also resulted in clinical products; the ability of iontophoresis to control delivery rates in real time provides added functionality. Third-generation delivery systems target their effects to skin's barrier layer of stratum corneum using microneedles, thermal ablation, microdermabrasion, electroporation and cavitational ultrasound. Microneedles and thermal ablation are currently progressing through clinical trials for delivery of macromolecules and vaccines, such as insulin, parathyroid hormone and influenza vaccine. Using these novel second- and third-generation enhancement strategies, transdermal delivery is poised to significantly increase its impact on medicine.

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Liposomes as nanomedical devices

Giuseppina Bozzuto, Agnese Molinari (2015)

Since their discovery in the 1960s, liposomes have been studied in depth, and they continue to constitute a field of intense research. Liposomes are valued for their biological and technological advantages, and are considered to be the most successful drug-carrier system known to date. Notable progress has been made, and several biomedical applications of liposomes are either in clinical trials, are about to be put on the market, or have already been approved for public use. In this review, we briefly analyze how the efficacy of liposomes depends on the nature of their components and their size, surface charge, and lipidic organization. Moreover, we discuss the influence of the physicochemical properties of liposomes on their interaction with cells, half-life, ability to enter tissues, and final fate in vivo. Finally, we describe some strategies developed to overcome limitations of the “first-generation” liposomes, and liposome-based drugs on the market and in clinical trials.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Ryan F. Donnelly:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-4147

r.donnelly@qub.ac.uk

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Drug Deliv Transl Res

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Drug Deliv Transl Res

Title: Drug Delivery and Translational Research

Publisher: Springer US (New York )

ISSN (Print): 2190-393X

ISSN (Electronic): 2190-3948

Publication date (Electronic): 20 January 2021

Publication date PMC-release: 20 January 2021

Pages: 1-34

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.4777.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0374 7521, School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, , Queen’s University Belfast, ; 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK

[2 ]GRID grid.9581.5, ISNI 0000000120191471, Faculty of Pharmacy, , Universitas Indonesia, ; Depok, Indonesia

[3 ]GRID grid.4777.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0374 7521, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Whitla Medical Building, , Queen’s University Belfast, ; 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK

[4 ]GRID grid.12641.30, ISNI 0000000105519715, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, , Ulster University, ; Coleraine, BT52 1SA UK

Author information

Ryan F. Donnelly http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-4147

Article

Publisher ID: 909

DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00909-6

PMC ID: 7817074

PubMed ID: 33474709

SO-VID: 2d430f14-1415-495a-b581-f87076756e60

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Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date accepted : 13 January 2021

Funding

Funded by: The Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan / LPDP) scholarship (ID)

Enhancement strategies for transdermal drug delivery systems: current trends and applications

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RNA drug delivery

Most cited references 327

Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019

Transdermal drug delivery.

Liposomes as nanomedical devices

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