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      Asociación ecológica de Pinus pseudostrobus (Pinaceae) como respuesta de las variaciones biogeográficas en el Centro-Sur de México Translated title: Ecological association of Pinus pseudostrobus (Pinaceae) in response to biogeographical variations in Central-Southern of Mexico

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          Abstract

          Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Pinus pseudostrobus es una especie con un rango de distribución geográfica muy amplia con variaciones climáticas, situación que le ha permitido ser considerada de gran importancia económica y ecológica, por lo que es de mucho interés conocer su asociación natural con otras especies para definir estrategias de manejo y conservación. En este estudio, se analizaron patrones de asociación ecológica y su correlación con variables biogeográficas en las subprovincias del Eje Neovolcánico y la Sierra Madre del Sur. Métodos: Se usaron registros geográficos de los géneros asociados a P. pseudostrobus para analizar los patrones espaciales mediante un análisis estadístico multivariado y un índice de mezcla de especies. La asociación ecológica de P. pseudostrobus se determinó con 535 sitios geoespaciales de forma circular de una superficie de 78.54 ha a una distancia mínima de 1000 m. Se realizó una validación científica de todas las especies para corroborar su coexistencia en las regiones del presente estudio. Resultados clave: Las subprovincias comparten 76% de las especies asociadas a P. pseudostrobus, siendo la Sierra Madre del Sur quien presentó mayor mezcla de especies (M i =0.45). La asociación ecológica de P. pseudostrobus mostró al sur de México una relación con 34 especies y en el centro con 25, principalmente de los géneros Pinus, Quercus y Abies. Las variables de altitud y precipitación se correlacionaron significativamente como un predictor en el grado de asociación. Conclusiones: La asociación ecológica de P. pseudostrobus es similar en las subprovincias, pero se diferencia en su dominancia por las variaciones biogeográficas. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones para definir estrategias de manejo y conservación de la biodiversidad, debido a que en zonas con alta asociación se debe mantener la estructura y composición natural y en áreas degradadas se deben contemplar grupos funcionales.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Background and Aims: Pinus pseudostrobus is a species with a very wide geographical distribution range with climatic variations, a situation that has allowed it to be determined of great economic and ecological importance, so it is of much interest to know its natural association with other species to define management strategies and conservation. In this study, we analyze the patterns of ecological association and their correlation with biogeographic variables in the subprovinces of the Neovolcanic belt and the Sierra Madre del Sur. Methods: Geographical records of the genera associated with P. pseudostrobus were used to analyze spatial patterns through a multivariate statistical analysis and a species mix index. The ecological association of P. pseudostrobus was determined with 535 circular geospatial sites with a surface of 78.54 ha at a minimum distance of 1000 m. A scientific validation of all species was carried out to corroborate their coexistence in the regions of the present study. Key results: The subprovinces share 76% of the species associated with P. pseudostrobus, being the Sierra Madre del Sur which presented the greatest mix of species (M i =0.45). The ecological association of P. pseudostrobus showed a relationship with 34 species in southern Mexico and 25 in the center, mainly from the genera Pinus, Quercus and Abies. Altitude and precipitation variables were significantly correlated as a predictor in the degree of association. Conclusions: The ecological association of P. pseudostrobus is similar in the subprovinces, but it differs in its dominance by the biogeographical variations. These results have implications for defining biodiversity management and conservation strategies, because in areas with high association the natural structure and composition must be maintained and in degraded areas functional groups must be contemplated.

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          Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico

          Abstract: An updated inventory of the native vascular plants of Mexico records 23,314 species, distributed in 2,854 genera, 297 families, and 73 orders. The flora includes 1,039 species of ferns and lycophytes, 149 gymnosperms, and 22,126 angiosperms. On average, the number of synonyms per species is 1.3 (mode = 1). The number of species places Mexico as the country with the fourth largest floristic richness in the world, although among the non-insular countries, by its number of endemic species (about 50%) is second only surpassed by South Africa. The species distribution among higher taxonomic categories, and the richness and endemism values in the 32 states of Mexico are discussed. This compilation allows us to assess the flora's contribution to the overall Mexican biodiversity.
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            Hacia una síntesis biogeográfica de México

            El reconocimiento de componentes bióticos constituye una primera etapa hacia una teoría biogeográfica sintética. En México podemos caracterizar 3 componentes bióticos principales, cada uno con una combinación diferente de elementos bióticos. El componente Neártico (región Neártica) incluye las áreas áridas subtropicales del norte del país, en las provincias biogeográficas de California, Baja California, Sonora, Altiplano Mexicano y Tamaulipas. En este componente predomina el elemento original (Septentrional Antiguo o Paleoamericano), junto con otro de dispersión más reciente (Neártico) y un tercero Neotropical Antiguo. Los eventos vicariantes asociados con la evolución biótica del componente Neártico se relacionan con la formación de la Sierra Madre Occidental, que aisló el desierto de Chihuahua de los desiertos de Sonora y Mohave; y la expansión del Mar de Cortés, que aisló la Península de Baja California del continente. El componente Transicional (Zona de Transición Mexicana) incluye las áreas básicamente montañosas del centro del país, que se asignan a las provincias biogeográficas de la Sierra Madre Oriental, Sierra Madre Occidental, Eje Volcánico Transmexicano, Cuenca del Balsas y Sierra Madre del Sur. En este componente coexisten los elementos Paleoamericano, Neártico, Mesoamericano Tropical y Mesoamericano de Montaña. Los eventos vicariantes asociados con la evolución biótica del componente Transicional se relacionan con el desarrollo de las Sierras Madre y el vulcanismo del Eje Volcánico Transmexicano. El componente Neotropical (región Neotropical) incluye áreas tropicales húmedas y subhúmedas del sur de México, asignadas a las provincias biogeográficas de la Costa Pacífica Mexicana, Golfo de México, Chiapas y Península de Yucatán. En éste predomina el elemento Mesoamericano Tropical, aunque también presenta los elementos Neártico y Antillano. Los eventos vicariantes asociados con la evolución biótica del componente Neotropical se relacionan con el desarrollo de los istmos de Tehuantepec y Panamá y la inundación de las tierras bajas de Nicaragua y de la Península de Yucatán.
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              Comparing species interaction networks along environmental gradients

              Knowledge of species composition and their interactions, in the form of interaction networks, is required to understand processes shaping their distribution over time and space. As such, comparing ecological networks along environmental gradients represents a promising new research avenue to understand the organization of life. Variation in the position and intensity of links within networks along environmental gradients may be driven by turnover in species composition, by variation in species abundances and by abiotic influences on species interactions. While investigating changes in species composition has a long tradition, so far only a limited number of studies have examined changes in species interactions between networks, often with differing approaches. Here, we review studies investigating variation in network structures along environmental gradients, highlighting how methodological decisions about standardization can influence their conclusions. Due to their complexity, variation among ecological networks is frequently studied using properties that summarize the distribution or topology of interactions such as number of links, connectance, or modularity. These properties can either be compared directly or using a procedure of standardization. While measures of network structure can be directly related to changes along environmental gradients, standardization is frequently used to facilitate interpretation of variation in network properties by controlling for some co-variables, or via null models. Null models allow comparing the deviation of empirical networks from random expectations and are expected to provide a more mechanistic understanding of the factors shaping ecological networks when they are coupled with functional traits. As an illustration, we compare approaches to quantify the role of trait matching in driving the structure of plant-hummingbird mutualistic networks, i.e. a direct comparison, standardized by null models and hypothesis-based metaweb. Overall, our analysis warns against a comparison of studies that rely on distinct forms of standardization, as they are likely to highlight different signals. Fostering a better understanding of the analytical tools available and the signal they detect will help produce deeper insights into how and why ecological networks vary along environmental gradients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                abm
                Acta botánica mexicana
                Act. Bot. Mex
                Instituto de Ecología A.C., Centro Regional del Bajío (Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico )
                0187-7151
                2448-7589
                2020
                : 127
                : e1627
                Affiliations
                [1] Linares orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Forestales Mexico
                Article
                S0187-71512020000100203 S0187-7151(20)00012700203
                10.21829/abm127.2020.1627
                2d33a1a4-a66c-49a6-9c3e-6607b0156f9d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 December 2019
                : 17 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 94, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos de investigación

                patrones espaciales,conservación,índice de mezcla,interacciones ecológicas,spatial patterns,mix index,ecological interactions,conservation

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