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      International Journal of Nanomedicine (submit here)

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      Pulmonary-Affinity Paclitaxel Polymer Micelles in Response to Biological Functions of Ambroxol Enhance Therapeutic Effect on Lung Cancer

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Cancer chemotherapy effect has been largely limited by cell autophagy and little drug accumulation at the action sites. Herein, we designed an intelligent strategy involving paclitaxel (PTX) polymer micelles in response to biological functions of ambroxol (Ax). The amphiphilic polymers polyethyleneglycol-polylactic acid (PEG-PLA) and Pluronic P105 were selected as nanocarriers to encapsulate PTX to form into lung affinity PEG-PLA/P105/PTX micelles. Ax which can up-regulate the secretion of pulmonary surfactant (PS) and inhibit autophagy was hired to change the microenvironment of the lung, thereby promoting the lung accumulation and increasing cell-killing sensitivity of the micelles.

          Methods

          The physical and chemical properties of the micelles were characterized including size, morphology, critical micellar concentration (CMC) and in vitro drug release behavior. The therapeutic effects of the combination regimen were characterized both in vitro and in vivo including study on Ax in promoting the secretion of pulmonary surfactant, in vitro cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, Western blotting, in vivo biodistribution, in vivo pharmacokinetics and in vivo antitumor efficacy.

          Results

          The PEG-PLA/P105/PTX micelles showed a particle size of 16.7 ± 0.5 nm, a nearly round shape, small CMC and sustained drug release property. Moreover, the in vitro results indicated that Ax could increase PS and LC3 protein secretion and enhance the cytotoxicity of PEG-PLA/P105/PTX micelles toward A549 cells. The in vivo results indicated that the combination therapeutic regimen could promote the micelles to distribute in lung and enhance the therapeutic effect on lung cancer.

          Conclusion

          This multifunctional approach of modulating the tumor microenvironment to enhance drug transportation and cell-killing sensitivity in the action sites might offer a new avenue for effective lung cancer treatment.

          Most cited references30

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          Pancreatic cancers require autophagy for tumor growth.

          Macroautophagy (autophagy) is a regulated catabolic pathway to degrade cellular organelles and macromolecules. The role of autophagy in cancer is complex and may differ depending on tumor type or context. Here we show that pancreatic cancers have a distinct dependence on autophagy. Pancreatic cancer primary tumors and cell lines show elevated autophagy under basal conditions. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy leads to increased reactive oxygen species, elevated DNA damage, and a metabolic defect leading to decreased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Together, these ultimately result in significant growth suppression of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Most importantly, inhibition of autophagy by genetic means or chloroquine treatment leads to robust tumor regression and prolonged survival in pancreatic cancer xenografts and genetic mouse models. These results suggest that, unlike in other cancers where autophagy inhibition may synergize with chemotherapy or targeted agents by preventing the up-regulation of autophagy as a reactive survival mechanism, autophagy is actually required for tumorigenic growth of pancreatic cancers de novo, and drugs that inactivate this process may have a unique clinical utility in treating pancreatic cancers and other malignancies with a similar dependence on autophagy. As chloroquine and its derivatives are potent inhibitors of autophagy and have been used safely in human patients for decades for a variety of purposes, these results are immediately translatable to the treatment of pancreatic cancer patients, and provide a much needed, novel vantage point of attack.
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            Intrinsic resistance of tumorigenic breast cancer cells to chemotherapy.

            Tumorigenic breast cancer cells that express high levels of CD44 and low or undetectable levels of CD24 (CD44(>)/CD24(>/low)) may be resistant to chemotherapy and therefore responsible for cancer relapse. These tumorigenic cancer cells can be isolated from breast cancer biopsies and propagated as mammospheres in vitro. In this study, we aimed to test directly in human breast cancers the effect of conventional chemotherapy or lapatinib (an epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR]/HER2 pathway inhibitor) on this tumorigenic CD44(>) and CD24(>/low) cell population. Paired breast cancer core biopsies were obtained from patients with primary breast cancer before and after 12 weeks of treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 31) or, for patients with HER2-positive tumors, before and after 6 weeks of treatment with the EGFR/HER2 inhibitor lapatinib (n = 21). Single-cell suspensions established from these biopsies were stained with antibodies against CD24, CD44, and lineage markers and analyzed by flow cytometry. The potential of cells from biopsy samples taken before and after treatment to form mammospheres in culture was compared. All statistical tests were two-sided. Chemotherapy treatment increased the percentage of CD44(>)/CD24(>/low) cells (mean at baseline vs 12 weeks, 4.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.5% to 5.9%, vs 13.6%, 95% CI = 10.9% to 16.3%; P )/CD24(>/low) cells (mean at baseline vs 6 weeks, 10.0%, 95% CI = 7.2% to 12.8%, vs 7.5%, 95% CI = 4.1% to 10.9%) and a statistically non-significant decrease in MSFE (mean at baseline vs 6 weeks, 16.1%, 95% CI = 8.7% to 23.5%, vs 10.8%, 95% CI = 4.0% to 17.6%). These studies provide clinical evidence for a subpopulation of chemotherapy-resistant breast cancer-initiating cells. Lapatinib did not lead to an increase in these tumorigenic cells, and, in combination with conventional therapy, specific pathway inhibitors may provide a therapeutic strategy for eliminating these cells to decrease recurrence and improve long-term survival.
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              Multifunctional albumin-MnO₂ nanoparticles modulate solid tumor microenvironment by attenuating hypoxia, acidosis, vascular endothelial growth factor and enhance radiation response.

              Insufficient oxygenation (hypoxia), acidic pH (acidosis), and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as H2O2, are characteristic abnormalities of the tumor microenvironment (TME). These abnormalities promote tumor aggressiveness, metastasis, and resistance to therapies. To date, there is no treatment available for comprehensive modulation of the TME. Approaches so far have been limited to regulating hypoxia, acidosis, or ROS individually, without accounting for their interdependent effects on tumor progression and response to treatments. Hence we have engineered multifunctional and colloidally stable bioinorganic nanoparticles composed of polyelectrolyte-albumin complex and MnO2 nanoparticles (A-MnO2 NPs) and utilized the reactivity of MnO2 toward peroxides for regulation of the TME with simultaneous oxygen generation and pH increase. In vitro studies showed that these NPs can generate oxygen by reacting with H2O2 produced by cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. A-MnO2 NPs simultaneously increased tumor oxygenation by 45% while increasing tumor pH from pH 6.7 to pH 7.2 by reacting with endogenous H2O2 produced within the tumor in a murine breast tumor model. Intratumoral treatment with NPs also led to the downregulation of two major regulators in tumor progression and aggressiveness, that is, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor in the tumor. Combination treatment of the tumors with NPs and ionizing radiation significantly inhibited breast tumor growth, increased DNA double strand breaks and cancer cell death as compared to radiation therapy alone. These results suggest great potential of A-MnO2 NPs for modulation of the TME and enhancement of radiation response in the treatment of cancer.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Nanomedicine
                Int J Nanomedicine
                IJN
                intjnano
                International Journal of Nanomedicine
                Dove
                1176-9114
                1178-2013
                04 February 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 779-793
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center , Shanghai 201399, People’s Republic of China
                [3 ]Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
                [4 ]The Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University , Shanghai 200040, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Xianyi Sha; Shilin Du Tel +86-21-51980072 Email shaxy@fudan.edu.cn; du.shilin@zs-hospital.sh.cn
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2199-7140
                Article
                229576
                10.2147/IJN.S229576
                7007785
                2cbbaad4-8a58-4486-8db6-30921f159445
                © 2020 He et al.

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                : 02 September 2019
                : 14 January 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 2, References: 45, Pages: 15
                Categories
                Original Research

                Molecular medicine
                lung cancer,pulmonary-affinity micelles,ambroxol,pulmonary microenvironment,combination therapy

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