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      Glucocorticoid stimulation increases cardiac contractility by SGK1-dependent SOCE-activation in rat cardiac myocytes

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          Abstract

          Aims

          Glucocorticoid (GC) stimulation has been shown to increase cardiac contractility by elevated intracellular [Ca] but the sources for Ca entry are unclear. This study aims to determine the role of store-operated Ca entry (SOCE) for GC-mediated inotropy.

          Methods and results

          Dexamethasone (Dex) pretreatment significantly increased cardiac contractile force ex vivo in Langendorff-perfused Sprague-Dawley rat hearts (2 mg/kg BW i.p. Dex 24 h prior to experiment). Moreover, Ca transient amplitude as well as fractional shortening were significantly enhanced in Fura-2-loaded isolated rat ventricular myocytes exposed to Dex (1 mg/mL Dex, 24 h). Interestingly, these Dex-dependent effects could be abolished in the presence of SOCE-inhibitors SKF-96356 (SKF, 2 μM) and BTP2 (5 μM). Ca transient kinetics (time to peak, decay time) were not affected by SOCE stimulation. Direct SOCE measurements revealed a negligible magnitude in untreated myocytes but a dramatic increase in SOCE upon Dex-pretreatment. Importantly, the Dex-dependent stimulation of SOCE could be blocked by inhibition of serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) using EMD638683 (EMD, 50 μM). Dex preincubation also resulted in increased mRNA expression of proteins involved in SOCE (stromal interaction molecule 2, STIM2, and transient receptor potential cation channels 3/6, TRPC 3/6), which were also prevented in the presence of EMD.

          Conclusion

          Short-term GC-stimulation with Dex improves cardiac contractility by a SOCE-dependent mechanism, which appears to involve increased SGK1-dependent expression of the SOCE-related proteins. Since Ca transient kinetics were unaffected, SOCE appears to influence Ca cycling more by an integrated response across multiple cardiac cycles but not on a beat-to-beat basis.

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          Most cited references59

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          Store-operated calcium channels.

          In electrically nonexcitable cells, Ca(2+) influx is essential for regulating a host of kinetically distinct processes involving exocytosis, enzyme control, gene regulation, cell growth and proliferation, and apoptosis. The major Ca(2+) entry pathway in these cells is the store-operated one, in which the emptying of intracellular Ca(2+) stores activates Ca(2+) influx (store-operated Ca(2+) entry, or capacitative Ca(2+) entry). Several biophysically distinct store-operated currents have been reported, but the best characterized is the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) current, I(CRAC). Although it was initially considered to function only in nonexcitable cells, growing evidence now points towards a central role for I(CRAC)-like currents in excitable cells too. In spite of intense research, the signal that relays the store Ca(2+) content to CRAC channels in the plasma membrane, as well as the molecular identity of the Ca(2+) sensor within the stores, remains elusive. Resolution of these issues would be greatly helped by the identification of the CRAC channel gene. In some systems, evidence suggests that store-operated channels might be related to TRP homologs, although no consensus has yet been reached. Better understood are mechanisms that inactivate store-operated entry and hence control the overall duration of Ca(2+) entry. Recent work has revealed a central role for mitochondria in the regulation of I(CRAC), and this is particularly prominent under physiological conditions. I(CRAC) therefore represents a dynamic interplay between endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and plasma membrane. In this review, we describe the key electrophysiological features of I(CRAC) and other store-operated Ca(2+) currents and how they are regulated, and we consider recent advances that have shed insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in this ubiquitous and vital Ca(2+) entry pathway.
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            STIM proteins: dynamic calcium signal transducers.

            Stromal interaction molecule (STIM) proteins function in cells as dynamic coordinators of cellular calcium (Ca(2+)) signals. Spanning the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, they sense tiny changes in the levels of Ca(2+) stored within the ER lumen. As ER Ca(2+) is released to generate primary Ca(2+) signals, STIM proteins undergo an intricate activation reaction and rapidly translocate into junctions formed between the ER and the plasma membrane. There, STIM proteins tether and activate the highly Ca(2+)-selective Orai channels to mediate finely controlled Ca(2+) signals and to homeostatically balance cellular Ca(2+). Details are emerging on the remarkable organization within these STIM-induced junctional microdomains and the identification of new regulators and alternative target proteins for STIM.
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              The CRAC channel activator STIM1 binds and inhibits L-type voltage-gated calcium channels.

              Voltage- and store-operated calcium (Ca(2+)) channels are the major routes of Ca(2+) entry in mammalian cells, but little is known about how cells coordinate the activity of these channels to generate coherent calcium signals. We found that STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1), the main activator of store-operated Ca(2+) channels, directly suppresses depolarization-induced opening of the voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel Ca(V)1.2. STIM1 binds to the C terminus of Ca(V)1.2 through its Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) activation domain, acutely inhibits gating, and causes long-term internalization of the channel from the membrane. This establishes a previously unknown function for STIM1 and provides a molecular mechanism to explain the reciprocal regulation of these two channels in cells.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curation
                Role: MethodologyRole: Resources
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                9 September 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 9
                : e0222341
                Affiliations
                [1 ] University Heart Center Regensburg, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
                [2 ] Clinic for Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
                Rush University Medical Center, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5509-9760
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-1166
                Article
                PONE-D-19-12032
                10.1371/journal.pone.0222341
                6733454
                31498847
                2cb72694-a468-4b4b-86c0-ce18ace96ab9
                © 2019 Wester et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 28 April 2019
                : 27 August 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 0, Pages: 17
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award ID: WA 2539/5-1
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: University of Regensburg
                Award ID: ReForM-B-Programm
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE)
                Award ID: WA 2539/4-1
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE)
                Award ID: WA 2539/7-1
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE)
                Award ID: MA 1982/5-1
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE)
                Award ID: MA 1982/7-1
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE)
                Award ID: SFB 1350, Project Number 387509280, TPA6
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE)
                Award ID: SFB 1350, Project Number 387509280, TPA6
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung (DE)
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005626, Universität Regensburg;
                Award ID: ReForM-C-Program
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Universität Regensburg (DE)
                Award ID: ReForM-C-Program
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung (DE)
                Award Recipient :
                SW is funded by DFG grants WA 2539/4-1, 5-1 and 7-1. LSM is funded by DFG grants MA 1982/5-1 and 7-1. SW and LSM are also funded by the DFG SFB 1350 grant (Project Number 387509280, TPA6), are supported by the ReForM C program of the faculty and funded by the DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung; German Center for Cardiovascular Research). CS was funded by the ReForM program of the faculty.
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                The data underlying the results presented in the study are available from http://doi.org/10.5283/epub.40422.

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