Liquid Crystals: A Novel Approach for Cancer Detection and Treatment

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Abstract

Liquid crystals are defined as the fourth state of matter forming between solid and liquid states. Earlier the applications of liquid crystals were confined to electronic instruments, but recent research findings suggest multiple applications of liquid crystals in biology and medicine. Here, the purpose of this review article is to discuss the potential biological impacts of liquid crystals in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer along with the risk assessment. In this review, we also discussed the recent advances of liquid crystals in cancer biomarker detection and treatment in multiple cell line models. Cases reviewed here will demonstrate that cancer diagnostics based on the multidisciplinary technology and intriguingly utilization of liquid crystals may become an alternative to regular cancer detection methodologies. Additionally, we discussed the formidable challenges and problems in applying liquid crystal technologies. Solving these problems will require great effort and the way forward is through the multidisciplinary collaboration of physicists, biologists, chemists, material-scientists, clinicians, and engineers. The triumphant outcome of these liquid crystals and their applications in cancer research would be convenient testing for the detection of cancer and may result in treating the cancer patients non-invasively.

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Apoptosis plays an important role during neuronal development, and defects in apoptosis may underlie various neurodegenerative disorders. To characterize molecular mechanisms that regulate neuronal apoptosis, the contributions to cell death of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family members, including ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), JNK (c-JUN NH2-terminal protein kinase), and p38, were examined after withdrawal of nerve growth factor (NGF) from rat PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells. NGF withdrawal led to sustained activation of the JNK and p38 enzymes and inhibition of ERKs. The effects of dominant-interfering or constitutively activated forms of various components of the JNK-p38 and ERK signaling pathways demonstrated that activation of JNK and p38 and concurrent inhibition of ERK are critical for induction of apoptosis in these cells. Therefore, the dynamic balance between growth factor-activated ERK and stress-activated JNK-p38 pathways may be important in determining whether a cell survives or undergoes apoptosis.

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Brian J Druker, Charles L. Sawyers, Hagop Kantarjian … (2001)

BCR-ABL, a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase, is the product of the Philadelphia chromosome. This enzyme is present in virtually all cases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) throughout the course of the disease, and in 20 percent of cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). On the basis of the substantial activity of the inhibitor in patients in the chronic phase, we evaluated STI571 (formerly known as CGP 57148B), a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, in patients who had CML in blast crisis and in patients with ALL who had the Ph chromosome. In this dose-escalating pilot study, 58 patients were treated with STI571; 38 patients had a myeloid blast crisis and 20 had ALL or a lymphoid blast crisis. Treatment was given orally at daily doses ranging from 300 to 1000 mg. Responses occurred in 21 of 38 patients (55 percent) with a myeloid-blast-crisis phenotype; 4 of these 21 patients had a complete hematologic response. Of 20 patients with a lymphoid blast crisis or ALL, 14 (70 percent) had a response, including 4 who had complete responses. Seven patients with a myeloid blast crisis continue to receive treatment and remain in remission from 101 to 349 days after starting the treatment. All but one patient with a lymphoid blast crisis or ALL has relapsed. The most frequent adverse effects were nausea, vomiting, edema, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. The BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 is well tolerated and has substantial activity in the blast crises of CML and in Ph-positive ALL.

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The Optics of Human Skin

R Rox Anderson, John Parrish (1981)

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cancers (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cancers (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): cancers

Title: Cancers

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6694

Publication date (Electronic): 21 November 2018

Publication date Collection: November 2018

Volume: 10

Issue: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: 462

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Physics, NIT Warangal, Telangana 506004, India; buchaiahg@ 123456gmail.com

[2 ]Centre for Advanced Materials, NIT Warangal, Telangana 506004, India

[3 ]Department of Cellular Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; edwin.bernard.corgiat@ 123456emory.edu

[4 ]Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; ramesh.kandimalla@ 123456ttuhsc.edu

[5 ]Neurology Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA

[6 ]Pharmacology and Neuroscience Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA

[7 ]Garrison Institute on Aging, South West Campus, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 6630 S. Quaker Suite E, MS 7495, Lubbock, TX 79413, USA

[8 ]Cell Biology and Biochemistry Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA

[9 ]Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA

[10 ]Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: vlakshmij@ 123456gmail.com (J.V.); hemachandra.reddy@ 123456ttuhsc.edu (P.H.R.)

Article

Publisher ID: cancers-10-00462

DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110462

PMC ID: 6267481

PubMed ID: 30469457

SO-VID: 2c315ccb-aa73-4b77-b1c2-a73ba4181df5

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

History

Date received : 01 October 2018

Date accepted : 05 November 2018

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Liquid Crystals: A Novel Approach for Cancer Detection and Treatment

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Abstract

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Cancer Metabolism

Most cited references 131

Opposing effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis.

Activity of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Philadelphia chromosome.

The Optics of Human Skin

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