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      Anti-Rheumatic Effect of Antisense Oligonucleotide Cytos-11 Targeting TNF-α Expression

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          Abstract

          The urgency of the search for inexpensive and effective drugs with localized action for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis continues unabated. In this study, for the first time we investigated the Cytos-11 antisense oligonucleotide suppression of TNF-α gene expression in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant. Cytos-11 has been shown to effectively reduce peripheral blood concentrations of TNF-α, reduce joint inflammation, and reduce pannus development. The results achieved following treatment with the antisense oligonucleotide Cytos-11 were similar to those of adalimumab (Humira ®); they also compared favorably with those results, which provides evidence of the promise of drugs based on antisense technologies in the treatment of this disease.

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          Diagnosis and Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis

          Daniel Aletaha, Josef Smolen (2018)
          Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) occurs in about 5 per 1000 people and can lead to severe joint damage and disability. Significant progress has been made over the past 2 decades regarding understanding of disease pathophysiology, optimal outcome measures, and effective treatment strategies, including the recognition of the importance of diagnosing and treating RA early.
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            Rheumatoid arthritis: pathological mechanisms and modern pharmacologic therapies

            Qiang Guo, Yuxiang Wang, Dan Xu … (2018)
            Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the lining of the synovial joints and is associated with progressive disability, premature death, and socioeconomic burdens. A better understanding of how the pathological mechanisms drive the deterioration of RA progress in individuals is urgently required in order to develop therapies that will effectively treat patients at each stage of the disease progress. Here we dissect the etiology and pathology at specific stages: (i) triggering, (ii) maturation, (iii) targeting, and (iv) fulminant stage, concomitant with hyperplastic synovium, cartilage damage, bone erosion, and systemic consequences. Modern pharmacologic therapies (including conventional, biological, and novel potential small molecule disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs) remain the mainstay of RA treatment and there has been significant progress toward achieving disease remission without joint deformity. Despite this, a significant proportion of RA patients do not effectively respond to the current therapies and thus new drugs are urgently required. This review discusses recent advances of our  understanding of RA pathogenesis, disease modifying drugs, and provides perspectives on next generation therapeutics for RA.
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              Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II.

              Reva Lawrence, David T Felson, Charles G Helmick … (2008)
              To provide a single source for the best available estimates of the US prevalence of and number of individuals affected by osteoarthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis, gout, fibromyalgia, and carpal tunnel syndrome, as well as the symptoms of neck and back pain. A companion article (part I) addresses additional conditions. The National Arthritis Data Workgroup reviewed published analyses from available national surveys, such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the National Health Interview Survey. Because data based on national population samples are unavailable for most specific rheumatic conditions, we derived estimates from published studies of smaller, defined populations. For specific conditions, the best available prevalence estimates were applied to the corresponding 2005 US population estimates from the Census Bureau, to estimate the number affected with each condition. We estimated that among US adults, nearly 27 million have clinical osteoarthritis (up from the estimate of 21 million for 1995), 711,000 have polymyalgia rheumatica, 228,000 have giant cell arteritis, up to 3.0 million have had self-reported gout in the past year (up from the estimate of 2.1 million for 1995), 5.0 million have fibromyalgia, 4-10 million have carpal tunnel syndrome, 59 million have had low back pain in the past 3 months, and 30.1 million have had neck pain in the past 3 months. Estimates for many specific rheumatic conditions rely on a few, small studies of uncertain generalizability to the US population. This report provides the best available prevalence estimates for the US, but for most specific conditions more studies generalizable to the US or addressing understudied populations are needed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Chih-Hsin Tang: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 January 2021
                Publication date Collection: February 2021
                Volume: 22
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1022
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Medical Academy Named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Lenin Boulevard 5/7, 295051 Simferopol, Russia; makalisht@ 123456mail.ru (T.P.M.); wwwzzznnn333@ 123456gmail.com (Z.Z.T.); uu4jey@ 123456mail.ru (A.I.G.); evgu79@ 123456mail.ru (E.Y.Z.); gafarova.elvina@ 123456inbox.ru (E.A.G.); yurchenkokseniya28@ 123456gmail.com (K.A.Y.); fomochkina_i@ 123456mail.ru (I.I.F.); kubyshkin_av@ 123456mail.ru (A.V.K.)
                [2 ]Taurida Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Av. 4, 295007 Simferopol, Russia; botan_icus@ 123456mail.ru (K.V.L.); aliss.serdyuckova@ 123456yandex.ru (O.A.S.); i.nowikow2012@ 123456mail.ru (I.A.N.); roman.rosovsky@ 123456yahoo.com (R.A.R.)
                [3 ]Nikita Botanical Gardens—National Scientific Centre Russian Academy of Sciences, 298648, Simferopol, Russia
                [4 ]Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea, 295005 Simferopol, Russia
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: golovkin.io.1996@ 123456gmail.com (I.O.G); genepcr@ 123456mail.ru (V.V.O.); Tel.: +7-978-814-68-66 (V.V.O.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3578-5130
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7832-234X
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-22-01022
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031022
                PMC ID: 7864158
                PubMed ID: 33498456
                SO-VID: 2b9f21b6-1ca7-4e86-8a41-14045f007ed0
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 19 December 2020
                Date accepted : 19 January 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: rheumatoid arthritis,antisense technologies,tnf-α,humira®,phosphorothioate oligonucleotides,inflammation
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: rheumatoid arthritis, antisense technologies, tnf-α, humira®, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, inflammation

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