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      Treatment against helminths in Norwegian sheep: a questionnaire-based survey Translated title: Traitement contre les helminthes chez les moutons norvégiens : une enquête par questionnaire

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          Abstract

          A questionnaire was distributed to 5487 farmers throughout Norway in order to obtain information about management practices regarding helminth infections in sheep. In addition, the farmers’ perceptions of helminths and anthelmintic efficacy were investigated. Most farmers (80%) treated prophylactically against nematodes, and 24% also used prophylactic treatment against Fasciola hepatica. Overall, few farmers (11%) used parasitological analysis as a tool to assess the timing of treatment, but rather based it on other factors such as previous experience (70%). In the surveyed sheep flocks, the use of benzimidazoles was reduced from 2018 (52%) to 2019 (47%) ( p < 0.01), whereas the use of macrocyclic lactones increased from 2017 (23%) to 2019 (36%) ( p < 0.001). Poor anthelmintic efficacy was suspected by 10% of the farmers, and 11% reported that helminths were an increasing problem in their flocks. The majority of farmers (72%) considered their veterinarian as the most important advisor for treatment of parasites, but reported a high level of uncertainty regarding which parasites were present in their flocks, with unknown status most frequently reported for Haemonchus contortus (71.5%). This is probably related to the fact that very few farmers (15%) regularly test their animals for parasites. The present study provides up-to-date information on treatment practices for helminths in Norwegian sheep flocks.

          Translated abstract

          Un questionnaire a été distribué à 5487 éleveurs dans l’ensemble de la Norvège afin d’obtenir des informations sur la gestion des helminthiases chez les ovins. Le questionnaire a porté, en outre, sur la perception des éleveurs concernant les helminthiases et l’efficacité des anthelminthiques. La plupart des éleveurs (80 %) réalisent des traitements prophylactiques contre les nématodes et 24 % font de même vis-à-vis de Fasciola hepatica. Globalement, peu d’éleveurs (11 %) recourent aux analyses parasitologiques pour déterminer les dates de traitement, s’appuyant plutôt sur d’autres éléments tels que leur propre expérience (70 %). Dans les troupeaux enquêtés, l’utilisation des benzimidazoles a diminué de 2018 (52 %) à 2019 (47 %) ( p < 0,01) tandis que celle des lactones macrocycliques a augmenté entre 2017 (23 %) et 2019 (36 %) ( p < 0,001). Une faible efficacité des anthelminthiques est suspectée par 10 % des éleveurs tandis que 11 % des éleveurs signalent que les helminthiases sont un problème croissant dans leurs troupeaux. La majorité des éleveurs (72 %) considèrent leur vétérinaire comme le conseiller le plus important en matière de traitement antiparasitaire mais rapportent un haut niveau d’incertitude concernant le type de parasites présents dans leur troupeau, en particulier en ce qui concerne la présence d’Haemonchus contortus (71,5 %). Ceci est probablement à relier au fait que très peu d’éleveurs (15 %) testent régulièrement leurs animaux vis-à-vis des parasites. La présente étude fournit des informations actualisées sur les pratiques de traitement anthelminthique des troupeaux ovins en Norvège.

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          Most cited references48

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          An inconvenient truth: global worming and anthelmintic resistance.

          Over the past 10-15 years, we have witnessed a rapid increase in both the prevalence and magnitude of anthelmintic resistance, and this increase appears to be a worldwide phenomenon. Reports of anthelmintic resistance to multiple drugs in individual parasite species, and in multiple parasite species across virtually all livestock hosts, are increasingly common. In addition, since the introduction of ivermectin in 1981, no novel anthelmintic classes were developed and introduced for use in livestock until recently with the launch of monepantel in New Zealand. Thus, livestock producers are often left with few options for effective treatment against many important parasite species. While new anthelmintic classes with novel mechanisms of action could potentially solve this problem, new drugs are extremely expensive to develop, and can be expected to be more expensive than older drugs. Thus, it seems clear that the "Global Worming" approach that has taken hold over the past 40-50 years must change, and livestock producers must develop a new vision for parasite control and sustainability of production. Furthermore, parasitologists must improve methods for study design and data analysis that are used for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance, especially for the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). Currently, standards for diagnosis of anthelmintic resistance using FECRT exist only for sheep. Lack of standards in horses and cattle and arbitrarily defined cutoffs for defining resistance, combined with inadequate analysis of the data, mean that errors in assigning resistance status are common. Similarly, the lack of standards makes it difficult to compare data among different studies. This problem needs to be addressed, because as new drugs are introduced now and in the future, the lack of alternative treatments will make early and accurate diagnosis of anthelmintic resistance increasingly important. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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            A quick guide to survey research

            Questionnaires are a very useful survey tool that allow large populations to be assessed with relative ease. Despite a widespread perception that surveys are easy to conduct, in order to yield meaningful results, a survey needs extensive planning, time and effort. In this article, we aim to cover the main aspects of designing, implementing and analysing a survey as well as focusing on techniques that would improve response rates.
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              Initial assessment of the economic burden of major parasitic helminth infections to the ruminant livestock industry in Europe

              We report a European wide assessment of the economic burden of gastrointestinal nematodes, Fasciola hepatica (common liver fluke) and Dictyocaulus viviparus (bovine lungworm) infections to the ruminant livestock industry. The economic impact of these parasitic helminth infections was estimated by a deterministic spreadsheet model as a function of the proportion of the ruminant population exposed to grazing, the infection frequency and intensity, the effect of the infection on animal productivity and mortality and anthelmintic treatment costs. In addition, we estimated the costs of anthelmintic resistant nematode infections and collected information on public research budgets addressing helminth infections in ruminant livestock. The epidemiologic and economic input data were collected from international databases and via expert opinion of the Working Group members of the European Co-operation in Science and Technology (COST) action COMbatting Anthelmintic Resistance in ruminants (COMBAR). In order to reflect the effects of uncertainty in the input data, low and high cost estimates were obtained by varying uncertain input data arbitrarily in both directions by 20 %. The combined annual cost [low estimate-high estimate] of the three helminth infections in 18 participating countries was estimated at € 1.8 billion [€ 1.0-2.7 billion]. Eighty-one percent of this cost was due to lost production and 19 % was attributed to treatment costs. The cost of gastrointestinal nematode infections with resistance against macrocyclic lactones was estimated to be € 38 million [€ 11-87 million] annually. The annual estimated costs of helminth infections per sector were € 941 million [€ 488 - 1442 million] in dairy cattle, € 423 million [€ 205-663 million] in beef cattle, € 151million [€ 90-213 million] in dairy sheep, € 206 million [€ 132-248 million] in meat sheep and € 86 million [€ 67-107 million] in dairy goats. Important data gaps were present in all phases of the calculations which lead to large uncertainties around the estimates. Accessibility of more granular animal population datasets at EU level, deeper knowledge of the effects of infection on production, levels of infection and livestock grazing exposure across Europe would make the largest contribution to improved burden assessments. The known current public investment in research on helminth control was 0.15 % of the estimated annual costs for the considered parasitic diseases. Our data suggest that the costs of enzootic helminth infections which usually occur at high prevalence annually in ruminants, are similar or higher than reported costs of epizootic diseases. Our data can support decision making in research and policy to mitigate the negative impacts of helminth infections and anthelmintic resistance in Europe, and provide a baseline against which to measure future changes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2021
                01 September 2021
                : 28
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2021/01 )
                : 63
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Institute for Production Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Sandnes 4325 Norway
                [2 ] Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology P.O. Box 7036 Uppsala Sweden
                [3 ] BIOEPAR, INRAE Oniris 44307 Nantes France
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: maiken.gravdal@ 123456nmbu.no
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-4421
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1129-6615
                Article
                parasite210051 10.1051/parasite/2021061
                10.1051/parasite/2021061
                10649840
                34468310
                2b55b67d-d741-4b16-9c27-4a55bd3efd4f
                © M. Gravdal et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2021

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 15 April 2021
                : 19 August 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 51, Pages: 10
                Funding
                Funded by: nmbu
                Funded by: animalia
                Categories
                Research Article
                Special Issue – Combatting Anthelmintic resistance in ruminants. Invited Editors: Johannes Charlier, Hervé Hoste, and Smaragda Sotiraki

                anthelmintic resistance,sheep,questionnaire survey,parasite control,liver fluke,gastrointestinal nematodes

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