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      Problematic Social Media Use: Results from a Large-Scale Nationally Representative Adolescent Sample

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          Abstract

          Despite social media use being one of the most popular activities among adolescents, prevalence estimates among teenage samples of social media (problematic) use are lacking in the field. The present study surveyed a nationally representative Hungarian sample comprising 5,961 adolescents as part of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). Using the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) and based on latent profile analysis, 4.5% of the adolescents belonged to the at-risk group, and reported low self-esteem, high level of depression symptoms, and elevated social media use. Results also demonstrated that BSMAS has appropriate psychometric properties. It is concluded that adolescents at-risk of problematic social media use should be targeted by school-based prevention and intervention programs.

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          Most cited references29

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          A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework

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            The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study.

            Over the last decade, research into "addictive technological behaviors" has substantially increased. Research has also demonstrated strong associations between addictive use of technology and comorbid psychiatric disorders. In the present study, 23,533 adults (mean age 35.8 years, ranging from 16 to 88 years) participated in an online cross-sectional survey examining whether demographic variables, symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety, and depression could explain variance in addictive use (i.e., compulsive and excessive use associated with negative outcomes) of two types of modern online technologies: social media and video games. Correlations between symptoms of addictive technology use and mental disorder symptoms were all positive and significant, including the weak interrelationship between the two addictive technological behaviors. Age appeared to be inversely related to the addictive use of these technologies. Being male was significantly associated with addictive use of video games, whereas being female was significantly associated with addictive use of social media. Being single was positively related to both addictive social networking and video gaming. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that demographic factors explained between 11 and 12% of the variance in addictive technology use. The mental health variables explained between 7 and 15% of the variance. The study significantly adds to our understanding of mental health symptoms and their role in addictive use of modern technology, and suggests that the concept of Internet use disorder (i.e., "Internet addiction") as a unified construct is not warranted.
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              Development of a Facebook Addiction Scale.

              The Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS), initially a pool of 18 items, three reflecting each of the six core elements of addiction (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse), was constructed and administered to 423 students together with several other standardized self-report scales (Addictive Tendencies Scale, Online Sociability Scale, Facebook Attitude Scale, NEO-FFI, BIS/BAS scales, and Sleep questions). That item within each of the six addiction elements with the highest corrected item-total correlation was retained in the final scale. The factor structure of the scale was good (RMSEA = .046, CFI = .99) and coefficient alpha was .83. The 3-week test-retest reliability coefficient was .82. The scores converged with scores for other scales of Facebook activity. Also, they were positively related to Neuroticism and Extraversion, and negatively related to Conscientiousness. High scores on the new scale were associated with delayed bedtimes and rising times.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                9 January 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 1
                : e0169839
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
                [2 ]Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
                [3 ]Institute of Sociology and Social Policy, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
                [4 ]International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
                [5 ]Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
                Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, SPAIN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: ZD MDG OK.

                • Data curation: ZE FB ÁZ AM OK.

                • Formal analysis: FB ÁZ OK AM.

                • Funding acquisition: ZE ZD.

                • Investigation: ZE ZD AM.

                • Methodology: ZE ZD AM CSA OK.

                • Project administration: ZE ZD.

                • Resources: ZD ZE.

                • Software: ZE ZD.

                • Supervision: ZE ZD.

                • Validation: ZE ZD.

                • Visualization: ZD.

                • Writing – original draft: FB ÁZ OK AM.

                • Writing – review & editing: MDG CSA ZD ZE.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5604-7551
                Article
                PONE-D-16-43435
                10.1371/journal.pone.0169839
                5222338
                28068404
                2a6170a2-8ee5-4528-98f3-9d4cb2817c38
                © 2017 Bányai et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 1 November 2016
                : 23 December 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
                Award ID: K111938
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office
                Award ID: K111740
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: New National Excellence Program
                Award Recipient :
                This study was supported by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (Grant numbers: K111938, K111740). Ágnes Zsila was supported by the New National Excellence Program awarded by the Ministry of Human Resources. The funding institutions had no role in the study design or the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, writing the manuscript, or the decision to submit the paper for publication.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Communications
                Social Communication
                Social Media
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Network Analysis
                Social Networks
                Social Media
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Social Networks
                Social Media
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Adolescents
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Addiction
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Addiction
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Computer Networks
                Internet
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Communications
                Social Communication
                Social Media
                Facebook
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Network Analysis
                Social Networks
                Social Media
                Facebook
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Social Networks
                Social Media
                Facebook
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychometrics
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychometrics
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Education
                Schools
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Addiction
                Computer Addiction
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Addiction
                Computer Addiction
                Custom metadata
                Data are available at DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.4479434.

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