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      Incidence of Running-Related Injuries Per 1000 h of running in Different Types of Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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          Abstract

          Background

          No systematic review has identified the incidence of running-related injuries per 1000 h of running in different types of runners.

          Objective

          The purpose of the present review was to systematically search the literature for the incidence of running-related injuries per 1000 h of running in different types of runners, and to include the data in meta-analyses.

          Data Sources

          A search of the PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, PEDro and Web of Science databases was conducted.

          Study Selection

          Titles, abstracts, and full-text articles were screened by two blinded reviewers to identify prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials reporting the incidence of running-related injuries in novice runners, recreational runners, ultra-marathon runners, and track and field athletes.

          Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods

          Data were extracted from all studies and comprised for further analysis. An adapted scale was applied to assess the risk of bias.

          Results

          After screening 815 abstracts, 13 original articles were included in the main analysis. Running-related injuries per 1000 h of running ranged from a minimum of 2.5 in a study of long-distance track and field athletes to a maximum of 33.0 in a study of novice runners. The meta-analyses revealed a weighted injury incidence of 17.8 (95 % confidence interval [CI] 16.7–19.1) in novice runners and 7.7 (95 % CI 6.9–8.7) in recreational runners.

          Limitations

          Heterogeneity in definitions of injury, definition of type of runner, and outcome measures in the included full-text articles challenged comparison across studies.

          Conclusion

          Novice runners seem to face a significantly greater risk of injury per 1000 h of running than recreational runners.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0333-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references25

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          What are the Main Running-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries?

          Alexandre Lopes, Luiz Carlos Hespanhol Junior, Simon Yeung … (2012)
          Background Musculoskeletal injuries occur frequently in runners and despite many studies about running injuries conducted over the past decades it is not clear in the literature what are the main running-related musculoskeletal injuries (RRMIs). Objective The aim of this study is to systematically review studies on the incidence and prevalence of the main specific RRMIs. Methods An electronic database search was conducted using EMBASE (1947 to October 2011), MEDLINE (1966 to October 2011), SPORTDiscus™ (1975 to October 2011), the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (LILACS) [1982 to October 2011] and the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) [1998 to October 2011] with no limits of date or language of publication. Articles that described the incidence or prevalence rates of RRMIs were considered eligible. Studies that reported only the type of injury, anatomical region or incomplete data that precluded interpretation of the incidence or prevalence rates of RRMIs were excluded. We extracted data regarding bibliometric characteristics, study design, description of the population of runners, RRMI definition, how the data of RRMIs were collected and the name of each RRMI with their rates of incidence or prevalence. Separate analysis for ultra-marathoners was performed. Among 2924 potentially eligible titles, eight studies (pooled n = 3500 runners) were considered eligible for the review. In general, the articles had moderate risk of bias and only one fulfilled less than half of the quality criteria established. Results A total of 28 RRMIs were found and the main general RRMIs were medial tibial stress syndrome (incidence ranging from 13.6% to 20.0%; prevalence of 9.5%), Achilles tendinopathy (incidence ranging from 9.1% to 10.9%; prevalence ranging from 6.2% to 9.5%) and plantar fasciitis (incidence ranging from 4.5% to 10.0%; prevalence ranging from 5.2% to 17.5%). The main ultra-marathon RRMIs were Achilles tendinopathy (prevalence ranging from 2.0% to 18.5%) and patellofemoral syndrome (prevalence ranging from 7.4% to 15.6%). Conclusion This systematic review provides evidence that medial tibia stress syndrome, Achilles tendinopathy and plantar fasciitis were the main general RRMIs, while Achilles tendinopathy and patellofemoral syndrome were the most common RRMIs for runners who participated in ultra-marathon races.
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            Incidence and risk factors of running-related injuries during preparation for a 4-mile recreational running event.

            I Buist, David R Diercks, Steef W Bredeweg … (2010)
            In this study, the incidence and the sex-specific predictors of running-related injury (RRI) among a group of recreational runners training for a 4-mile running event were determined and identified, respectively. Prospective cohort study. Several potential risk factors were prospectively measured in 629 novice and recreational runners. They were observed during an 8-week training period for any running-related musculoskeletal injuries of the lower limbs and back. A running-related injury was defined as any musculoskeletal pain of the lower limb or back causing a restriction of running for at least 1 day. At least one RRI was reported by 25.9% of the runners during the 8-week observation period. The incidence of RRI was 30.1 (95% CI 25.4 to 34.7) per 1000 h of running exposure. Multivariate Cox regression showed that male participants were more prone to sustain a RRI than female participants (HR 1.4; 95% CI 1.0 to 2.0). No previous running experience was the most important risk factor in male (HR 2.6; 95% CI 1.2 to 5.5) and female (HR 2.1; 95% CI 1.2 to 3.7) participants. The incidence of running-related injuries in recreational runners preparing for a 4-mile running event is substantially high. Male and female participants have different risk profiles. Furthermore, the findings suggest that novice runners may benefit the most out of preventive interventions for RRI.
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              No effect of a graded training program on the number of running-related injuries in novice runners: a randomized controlled trial.

              Ida Buist, Ronald L Diercks, Koen Lemmink … (2007)
              Although running has positive effects on health and fitness, the incidence of a running-related injury (RRI) is high. Research on prevention of RRI is scarce; to date, no studies have involved novice runners. A graded training program for novice runners will lead to a decrease in the absolute number of RRIs compared with a standard training program. Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. GRONORUN (Groningen Novice Running) is a 2-armed randomized controlled trial comparing a standard 8-week training program (control group) and an adapted, graded, 13-week training program (intervention group), on the risk of sustaining an RRI. Participants were novice runners (N = 532) preparing for a recreational 4-mile (6.7-km) running event. The graded 13-week training program was based on the 10% training rule. Both groups registered information on running characteristics and RRI using an Internet-based running log. The primary outcome measure was RRIs per 100 participants. An RRI was defined as any musculoskeletal complaint of the lower extremity or back causing a restriction of running for at least 1 week. The graded training program was not preventive for sustaining an RRI (chi(2) = 0.016, df = 1, P = .90). The incidence of RRI was 20.8% in the graded training program group and 20.3% in the standard training program group. This randomized controlled trial showed no effect of a graded training program (13 weeks) in novice runners, applying the 10% rule, on the incidence of RRI compared with a standard 8-week training program.
              Article 0 comments Cited 53 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Solvej Videbæk: +4561685110 , solvejandersen@hotmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sports Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sports Med
                Title: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.z.)
                Publisher: Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                ISSN (Print): 0112-1642
                ISSN (Electronic): 1179-2035
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 May 2015
                Publication date PMC-release: 8 May 2015
                Publication date (Print): 2015
                Volume: 45
                Issue: 7
                Pages: 1017-1026
                Affiliations
                [ ]Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Research Unit, Science and Innovation Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aarhus University, 18–22 Hobrovej, 9000 Aarhus, Denmark
                [ ]Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
                [ ]Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University, Room 438, Dalgas Avenue 4, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
                Article
                Publisher ID: 333
                DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0333-8
                PMC ID: 4473093
                PubMed ID: 25951917
                SO-VID: 2a38092e-f496-47ce-8fa4-a26b82d1c4b0
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2015
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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                Subject: Systematic Review
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                issue-copyright-statement © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

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