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      The inhibitory effects of toothpaste and mouthwash ingredients on the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ACE2, and the protease activity of TMPRSS2 in vitro

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          Abstract

          SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells when the viral spike protein is cleaved by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) after binding to the host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Since ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed in the tongue and gingival mucosa, the oral cavity is a potential entry point for SARS-CoV-2. This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of general ingredients of toothpastes and mouthwashes on the spike protein-ACE2 interaction and the TMPRSS2 protease activity using an in vitro assay. Both assays detected inhibitory effects of sodium tetradecene sulfonate, sodium N-lauroyl-N-methyltaurate, sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and copper gluconate. Molecular docking simulations suggested that these ingredients could bind to inhibitor-binding site of ACE2. Furthermore, tranexamic acid exerted inhibitory effects on TMPRSS2 protease activity. Our findings suggest that these toothpaste and mouthwash ingredients could help prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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          Most cited references45

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          SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

          Summary The recent emergence of the novel, pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China and its rapid national and international spread pose a global health emergency. Cell entry of coronaviruses depends on binding of the viral spike (S) proteins to cellular receptors and on S protein priming by host cell proteases. Unravelling which cellular factors are used by SARS-CoV-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission and reveal therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. A TMPRSS2 inhibitor approved for clinical use blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option. Finally, we show that the sera from convalescent SARS patients cross-neutralized SARS-2-S-driven entry. Our results reveal important commonalities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention.
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            AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading.

            AutoDock Vina, a new program for molecular docking and virtual screening, is presented. AutoDock Vina achieves an approximately two orders of magnitude speed-up compared with the molecular docking software previously developed in our lab (AutoDock 4), while also significantly improving the accuracy of the binding mode predictions, judging by our tests on the training set used in AutoDock 4 development. Further speed-up is achieved from parallelism, by using multithreading on multicore machines. AutoDock Vina automatically calculates the grid maps and clusters the results in a way transparent to the user. Copyright 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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              SWISS-MODEL: homology modelling of protein structures and complexes

              Abstract Homology modelling has matured into an important technique in structural biology, significantly contributing to narrowing the gap between known protein sequences and experimentally determined structures. Fully automated workflows and servers simplify and streamline the homology modelling process, also allowing users without a specific computational expertise to generate reliable protein models and have easy access to modelling results, their visualization and interpretation. Here, we present an update to the SWISS-MODEL server, which pioneered the field of automated modelling 25 years ago and been continuously further developed. Recently, its functionality has been extended to the modelling of homo- and heteromeric complexes. Starting from the amino acid sequences of the interacting proteins, both the stoichiometry and the overall structure of the complex are inferred by homology modelling. Other major improvements include the implementation of a new modelling engine, ProMod3 and the introduction a new local model quality estimation method, QMEANDisCo. SWISS-MODEL is freely available at https://swissmodel.expasy.org.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                17 September 2021
                2021
                17 September 2021
                : 16
                : 9
                : e0257705
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Research & Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
                [2 ] Institute of Molecular Function, Misato-shi, Saitama, Japan
                [3 ] Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
                Waseda University: Waseda Daigaku, JAPAN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: We have read the journal‘s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: R Tateyama-Makino, M Abe-Yutori, T Iwamoto, K Tsutsumi, S Morishita, K Kurita, Y Yamamoto, and E Nishinaga are employees of the Lion Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). M Tsuji is a President of the Institute of Molecular Function (Saitama, Japan). Molecular docking simulation was performed by the Institute of Molecular Function under a consignment from the Lion Corporation. K Tsukinoki has received fees for technical guidance from the Lion Corporation. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                ‡ These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5206-8339
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1371-2915
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0734-0334
                Article
                PONE-D-21-20049
                10.1371/journal.pone.0257705
                8448299
                34534255
                2a2e47c5-d537-4e15-b25e-0c0e1c43e2b5
                © 2021 Tateyama-Makino et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 21 June 2021
                : 3 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 4, Pages: 17
                Funding
                Funded by: Lion Corporation
                This work was fully funded by Lion Corporation ( https://www.lion.co.jp/en/). R Tateyama-Makino, M Abe-Yutori, T Iwamoto, K Tsutsumi, S Morishita, K Kurita, Y Yamamoto, and E Nishinaga are employees of Lion Corporation. The Lion Corporation provided support in the form of salaries for authors R Tateyama-Makino, M Abe-Yutori, T Iwamoto, K Tsutsumi, S Morishita, K Kurita, Y Yamamoto, and E Nishinaga. M Tsuji is a President of the Institute of Molecular Function (Saitama, Japan). Molecular docking simulation was performed by the Institute of Molecular Function under a consignment from the Lion Corporation. K Tsukinoki has received fees for technical guidance from the Lion Corporation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the “author contributions” section.
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