Pediatric Emergency Department Visits Associated with Mental Health Conditions Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 2019–January 2022

Published reports suggest that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a negative effect on children’s mental health ( 1 , 2 ). Emergency departments (EDs) are often the first point of care for children experiencing mental health emergencies, particularly when other services are inaccessible or unavailable ( 3 ). During March 29–April 25, 2020, when widespread shelter-in-place orders were in effect, ED visits for persons of all ages declined 42% compared with the same period in 2019; during this time, ED visits for injury and non-COVID-19–related diagnoses decreased, while ED visits for psychosocial factors increased ( 4 ). To assess changes in mental health–related ED visits among U.S. children aged <18 years, data from CDC’s National Syndromic Surveillance Program (NSSP) from January 1 through October 17, 2020, were compared with those collected during the same period in 2019. During weeks 1–11 (January 1–March 15, 2020), the average reported number of children’s mental health–related ED visits overall was higher in 2020 than in 2019, whereas the proportion of children’s mental health–related visits was similar. Beginning in week 12 (March 16) the number of mental health–related ED visits among children decreased 43% concurrent with the widespread implementation of COVID-19 mitigation measures; simultaneously, the proportion of mental health–related ED visits increased sharply beginning in mid-March 2020 (week 12) and continued into October (week 42) with increases of 24% among children aged 5–11 years and 31% among adolescents aged 12–17 years, compared with the same period in 2019. The increased proportion of children’s mental health–related ED visits during March–October 2020 might be artefactually inflated as a consequence of the substantial decrease in overall ED visits during the same period and variation in the number of EDs reporting to NSSP. However, these findings provide initial insight into children’s mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight the importance of continued monitoring of children’s mental health throughout the pandemic, ensuring access to care during public health crises, and improving healthy coping strategies and resiliency among children and families. CDC analyzed NSSP ED visit data, which include a subset of hospitals in 47 states representing approximately 73% of U.S. ED visits.* Mental health–related ED visits among children aged <18 years was a composite variable derived from the mental health syndrome query of the NSSP data for conditions likely to result in ED visits during and after disaster events (e.g., stress, anxiety, acute posttraumatic stress disorder, and panic). † Weekly numbers of mental health–related ED visits and proportions of mental health–related ED visits (per 100,000 pediatric ED visits § ) were computed overall, stratified by age group (0–4, 5–11, and 12–17 years) and sex, and compared descriptively with the corresponding weekly numbers and proportions for 2019. Numbers and proportions of visits were compared during calendar weeks 1–11 (January 1–March 14, 2020) and weeks 12–42 (March 15–October 17, 2020) (before and after a distinct decrease in overall ED visits reported beginning in week 12 in 2020) ¶ ( 4 ). Analyses are descriptive and statistical comparisons were not performed. The number of children’s mental health–related ED visits decreased sharply from mid-March 2020 (week 12, March 15–21) through early April (week 15, April 5–11) and then increased steadily through October 2020. (Figure 1). During the same time, the overall proportion of reported children’s ED visits for mental health–related concerns increased and remained higher through the end of the reporting period in 2020 than that in 2019 (Figure 1). The proportion of mental health–related ED visits among children increased 66%, from 1,094 per 100,000 during April 14–21, 2019 to 1,820 per 100,000 during April 12–18, 2020 (Supplementary Figure 1, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/96609). Although the average reported number of children’s mental health–related ED visits overall was 25% higher during weeks 1–11 in 2020 (342,740) than during the corresponding period in 2019 (274,736), the proportion of children’s mental health–related visits during the same time was similar (1,162 per 100,000 in 2020 versus 1,044 per 100,000 in 2019). (Table). During weeks 12–42, 2020 (mid-March–October) however, average weekly reported numbers of total ED visits by children were 43% lower (149,055), compared with those during 2019 (262,714), whereas the average proportion of children’s mental health–related ED visits was approximately 44% higher in 2020 (1,673 per 100,000) than that in 2019 (1,161 per 100,000). FIGURE 1 Weekly number of emergency department (ED) mental health–related visits (A) and proportion of (B) children’s mental health–related ED visits per total ED visits* among children aged <18 years — National Syndromic Surveillance Program, United States, January–October 2019 and 2020 * Proportion of mental health–related ED visits = number of ED visits for children’s mental health/total number of pediatric ED visits x 100,000. The figure is a line chart showing the weekly number of emergency department (ED) mental health–related visits (A) and proportion of (B) children’s mental health–related ED visits per total ED visits among children aged <18 years, using data from the National Syndromic Surveillance Program, in the United States, during January–October 2019 and 2020. TABLE Average number and proportions* of emergency department (ED) visits and mental health–related ED visits † among children aged <18 years — National Syndromic Surveillance Program (NSSP), United States, 2019–2020 Surveillance period/indicators 2019 2020 Age group, yrs Age group, yrs All <18 0–4 5–11 12–17 All <18 0–4 5–11 12–17 Weeks 1–42 § Average weekly total ED visits 265,863 110,002 81,133 74,728 199,782 78,742 59,660 61,380 Average weekly mental health–related ED visits 3,025 80 625 2,320 2,872 54 522 2,296 Mental health–related ED visits per 100,000 visits 1,130 73 762 3,084 1,539 75 919 3,863 Weeks 1–11 ¶ Average weekly total ED visits 274,736 118,926 83,924 71,886 342,740 143,789 107,049 91,902 Average weekly mental health–related ED visits 2,876 82 594 2,200 3,974 80 821 3,073 Mental health–related ED visits per 100,000 visits 1,044 69 707 30,45 1,162 56 769 3,333 Weeks 12–42** Average weekly total ED visits 262,714 106,835 80,143 75,736 149,055 55,661 42,844 50,550 Average weekly mental health–related ED visits 3,078 79 635 2,363 2,481 45 416 2,020 Mental health–related ED visits per 100,000 visits 1,161 75 782 3,098 1,673 81 972 4,051 * Average proportion of ED visits for children’s mental health = (average number of ED visits for children’s mental health/average total number of ED visits for the same age or sex population [e.g., children aged 18 years]) x 100,000. All numbers have been rounded to the nearest whole number. † Mental health–related ED visits were defined using NSSP’s Syndrome Definition (SD) Subcommittee community-developed syndrome definition for mental health conditions likely to increase in ED frequency during and after natural or human-caused disaster events. This syndrome definition attempts to leverage only mental health conditions and presentations that showed increases in visit frequency after select disasters in the United States. There are no disaster-related terms inherent to this query. The query has been added to NSSP BioSense Platform Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics as a Chief Complaint and Discharge Diagnosis category. https://knowledgerepository.syndromicsurveillance.org/disaster-related-mental-health-v1-syndrome-definition-subcommittee. § Weeks 1–42 in 2019 correspond to December 30, 2018–October 19, 2019; weeks 1–42 in 2020 correspond to December 29, 2019–October 17, 2020. ¶ Weeks 1–11 in 2019 correspond to December 30, 2018–March 16, 2019; weeks 1–11 in 2020 correspond to December 29, 2019–March 14, 2020. ** Weeks 12–42 in 2019 correspond to March 17–October 19, 2019; weeks 12–42 in 2020 correspond to March 15–October 17, 2020. Adolescents aged 12–17 years accounted for the largest proportion of children’s mental health–related ED visits during 2019 and 2020 (Figure 2). During weeks 12–42, 2020, the proportion of mental health–related visits for children aged 5–11 years and adolescents aged 12–17 years increased approximately 24% and 31%, respectively compared with those in 2019; the proportion of mental health–related visits for children aged 0–4 years remained similar in 2020. (Table.) The highest weekly proportion of mental health–related ED visits occurred during October for children aged 5–11 years (week 42; 1,177 per 100,000) and during April (week 16) for adolescents aged 12–17 years (4,758 per 100,000) (Figure 2). FIGURE 2 Weekly proportion of mental health–related emergency department (ED) visits* per total ED visits among children aged <18 years, by age group — National Syndromic Surveillance Program, United States, January–October 2019 and 2020 * Proportion of mental health–related ED visits = number of ED visits for children’s mental health/total number of pediatric ED visits x 100,000. The figure is a line chart showing the weekly proportion of mental health–related emergency department (ED) visits per total ED visits among children aged <18 years, by age group, using data from the National Syndromic Surveillance Program, in the United States, during January–October 2019 and 2020. During 2019 and 2020, the proportion of mental health–related ED visits was higher among females aged <18 years than it was among males (Supplementary Figure 2, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/96610). Similar patterns of increasing proportions of mental health–related ED visits were observed in 2020 for males and females, with increases beginning mid-March and continuing through October. Discussion Substantial declines in the overall reported numbers of children’s mental health–related ED visits occurred in 2020 during mid-March to early May, coincident with the widespread implementation of community mitigation measures** enacted to prevent COVID-19 transmission (e.g., school closures and restrictions to nonemergent care) and decreases in overall ED visits for the same period ( 4 ). A previous report found the mean weekly number of ED visits for children aged <14 years declined approximately 70% during March 29–April 25, 2020, relative to the corresponding period in 2019 ( 4 ). Further, the mean number of weekly ED visits for persons of all ages decreased significantly for asthma (–10%), otitis media (–65%), and sprain- and strain-related injuries (–39%), and mean weekly ED visits for psychosocial factors increased 69% ( 4 ). This report demonstrates that, whereas the overall number of children’s mental health–related ED visits decreased, the proportion of all ED visits for children’s mental health–related concerns increased, reaching levels substantially higher beginning in late-March to October 2020 than those during the same period during 2019. Describing both the number and the proportion of mental health–related ED visits provides crucial context for these findings and suggests that children’s mental health warranted sufficient concern to visit EDs during a time when nonemergent ED visits were discouraged. Many children receive mental health services through clinical and community agencies, including schools ( 5 ). The increase in the proportion of ED visits for children’s mental health concerns might reflect increased pandemic-related stress and unintended consequences of mitigation measures, which reduced or modified access to children’s mental health services ( 2 ), and could result in increased reliance on ED services for both routine and crisis treatment ( 3 ). However, the magnitude of the increase should be interpreted carefully because it might also reflect the large decrease in the number and proportion of other types of ED visits (e.g., asthma, otitis media, and musculoskeletal injuries) ( 4 ) and variation in the number of EDs reporting to NSSP. Adolescents aged 12–17 years accounted for the highest proportion of mental health–related ED visits in both 2019 and 2020, followed by children aged 5–11 years. Many mental disorders commence in childhood, and mental health concerns in these age groups might be exacerbated by stress related to the pandemic and abrupt disruptions to daily life associated with mitigation efforts, including anxiety about illness, social isolation, and interrupted connectedness to school ( 5 ). The majority of EDs lack adequate capacity to treat pediatric mental health concerns ( 6 ), potentially increasing demand on systems already stressed by the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings demonstrate continued need for mental health care for children during the pandemic and highlight the importance of expanding mental health services, such as telemental health and technology-based solutions (e.g., mobile mental health applications) ( 5 , 7 ). The findings in this report are subject to at least three limitations. First, the proportions presented should be interpreted with caution because of variations affecting the denominators used to calculate proportions. Children’s mental health–related ED visits constitute a small percentage of all pediatric ED visits (1.1% in 2019 and 1.4% in 2020), increasing susceptibility of rates to decreases in ED visits during the pandemic. In addition, NSSP ED participation can vary over time; however, analyzing number of visits and proportion of total ED visits provides context for observed variation. Second, NSSP data are not nationally representative; these findings might not be generalizable beyond those EDs participating in NSSP. Further, usable information on race and ethnicity was not available in the NSSP data. Finally, these data are subject to under- and overestimation. Variation in reporting and coding practices can influence the number and proportion of mental health–related visits observed. ED visits represent unique events, not individual persons, and as such, might reflect multiple visits for one person. The definition of mental health focuses on symptoms and conditions (e.g., stress, anxiety) that might increase after a disaster in the United States and might not reflect all mental health–related ED visits. Still, these data likely underestimate the actual number of mental health–related health care visits because many mental health visits occur outside of EDs. Children’s mental health during public health emergencies can have both short- and long-term consequences to their overall health and well-being ( 8 ). This report provides timely surveillance data concerning children’s mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Ongoing collection of a broad range of children’s mental health data outside the ED is needed to monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the effects of public health emergencies on children’s mental health. Ensuring availability of and access to developmentally appropriate mental health services for children outside the in-person ED setting will be important as communities adjust mitigation strategies ( 3 ). Implementation of technology-based, remote mental health services and prevention activities to enhance healthy coping and resilience in children might effectively support their well-being throughout response and recovery periods ( 5 , 7 ). CDC supports efforts to promote the emotional well-being of children and families and provides developmentally appropriate resources for families to reduce stressors that might contribute to children’s mental health–related ED visits †† ( 9 ). Summary What is already known about this topic? Emergency departments (EDs) are often the first point of care for children’s mental health emergencies. U.S. ED visits for persons of all ages declined during the early COVID-19 pandemic (March–April 2020). What is added by this report? Beginning in April 2020, the proportion of children’s mental health–related ED visits among all pediatric ED visits increased and remained elevated through October. Compared with 2019, the proportion of mental health–related visits for children aged 5–11 and 12–17 years increased approximately 24%. and 31%, respectively. What are the implications for public health practice? Monitoring indicators of children's mental health, promoting coping and resilience, and expanding access to services to support children's mental health are critical during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2019, approximately 51 million U.S. adults aged ≥18 years reported any mental illness,* and 7.7% reported a past-year substance use disorder † ( 1 ). Although reported prevalence estimates of certain mental disorders, substance use, or substance use disorders are not generally higher among racial and ethnic minority groups, persons in these groups are often less likely to receive treatment services ( 1 ). Persistent systemic social inequities and discrimination related to living conditions and work environments, which contribute to disparities in underlying medical conditions, can further compound health problems faced by members of racial and ethnic minority groups during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and worsen stress and associated mental health concerns ( 2 , 3 ). In April and May 2020, opt-in Internet panel surveys of English-speaking U.S. adults aged ≥18 years were conducted to assess the prevalence of self-reported mental health conditions and initiation of or increases in substance use to cope with stress, psychosocial stressors, and social determinants of health. Combined prevalence estimates of current depression, initiating or increasing substance use, and suicidal thoughts/ideation were 28.6%, 18.2%, and 8.4%, respectively. Hispanic/Latino (Hispanic) adults reported a higher prevalence of psychosocial stress related to not having enough food or stable housing than did adults in other racial and ethnic groups. These estimates highlight the importance of population-level and tailored interventions for mental health promotion and mental illness prevention, substance use prevention, screening and treatment services, and increased provision of resources to address social determinants of health. How Right Now (Qué Hacer Ahora) is an evidence-based and culturally appropriate communications campaign designed to promote and strengthen the emotional well-being and resiliency of populations adversely affected by COVID-19–related stress, grief, and loss ( 4 ). CDC licensed results from Porter Novelli’s PN View 360, a nationwide, weekly opt-in Internet panel survey of U.S. adults. The survey was administered by ENGINE Insights in English to U.S. adults aged ≥18 years using the Lucid platform ( 5 ); respondents who had not taken a survey in the previous 20 waves of survey administration were eligible to participate. Quota sampling was conducted by ENGINE Insights to identify respondents, and statistical weighting was used during the analysis to match proportions in the 2019 Current Population Survey; therefore, the sample was representative of the overall U.S. population by sex, age, region, race/ethnicity, and education. CDC licensed the results of the PN View 360 survey after data collection from Porter Novelli. This activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy. § In both April and May, 502 respondents participated, for a combined total of 1,004 respondents; the survey included questions about increases in or initiation of substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic, ¶ symptoms of current depression, ** and suicidal thoughts/ideation, †† as well as questions about psychosocial stress (e.g., feeling isolated and alone), stigma or discrimination (from being blamed for spreading COVID-19), and social determinants of health (e.g., food instability). Combined and weighted response percentages and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by using PROC SURVEYFREQ in SAS statistical software (version 9.4; SAS Institute). Because respondents were recruited from an opt-in panel rather than by probability sampling, other than using CIs, no inferential statistical tests were performed. §§ The overall prevalence estimates of current depression, suicidal thoughts/ideation, and initiation of or increase in substance use were 28.6%, 8.4%, and 18.2%, respectively (Table). Symptoms of current depression were reported 59% more frequently by Hispanic adults (40.3%) than by non-Hispanic White (White) persons (25.3%). Estimates of self-reported suicidal thoughts/ideation among Hispanic persons (22.9%) were four times those among non-Hispanic Black (Black) persons (5.2%) and White persons (5.3%) and approximately twice those of multiracial and non-Hispanic persons of other races/ethnicities (8.9%). ¶¶ Increased or newly initiated substance use was reported among 36.9% of Hispanic respondents, compared with 14.3%–15.6% among all other respondents. TABLE Weighted prevalence estimates of current depression,* suicidal thoughts/ideation, † and substance use increase or initiation § among adults aged ≥18 years, by race/ethnicity — Porter Novelli View 360 survey, United States, April and May 2020 Race/Ethnicity Unweighted no. of persons Weighted % (95% CI) Current depression Suicidal thoughts/Ideation Substance use increase or initiation Total 1,004 28.6 (25.6–31.5) 8.4 (6.6–10.2) 18.2 (15.7–20.7) White, NH 657 25.3 (21.9–28.7) 5.3 (3.6–6.9) 14.3 (11.6–17.0) Black, NH 100 27.7 (18.7–36.7) 5.2 (0.7–9.7) 15.6 (8.4–22.7) Hispanic/Latino 118 40.3 (31.3–49.3) 22.9 (15.2–30.6) 36.9 (28.1–45.7) Other, NH¶ 129 31.4 (22.8–40.0) 8.9 (3.6–14.1) 15.1 (8.4–21.7) Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; NH = non-Hispanic/Latino. * Defined as a score of ≥10 on the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8). The PHQ-8 is adapted from the nine-item PHQ (PHQ-9), which is based on the nine criteria for diagnosis of depressive disorders in the DSM-IV. † Defined as an affirmative response to the question “At any time in the past 30 days, did you seriously think about trying to kill yourself?” § Defined as an affirmative response to the question “Have you started or increased using substances to help you cope with stress or emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic? Substance use includes alcohol, legal or illegal drugs, or prescriptions drugs that are taken in a way not recommended by your doctor.” ¶ Includes participants who identified as Native American/Alaska Native, Asian, multiracial, or another race/ethnicity. Among U.S. adults overall, sources of psychosocial stress included family health (36.3%), feelings of isolation or loneliness (28.6%), worry about getting ill from COVID-19 or infecting others (25.7%), worry about the death of a loved one or persons dying (15.2%), workplace COVID-19 exposure (13.5%), and stigma or discrimination from being blamed for spreading COVID-19 (4.1%) (Figure 1). White adults were more likely to report stress and worry about the health of family members and loved ones (39.3%) than were Black adults (24.5%). A larger percentage of multiracial and non-Hispanic adults of other races/ethnicities reported stress and worry about stigma or discrimination associated with being blamed for spreading COVID-19 (12.9%) than did White (2.4%) or Hispanic (3.7%) adults. FIGURE 1 Weighted prevalence estimates* of self-reported stress and worry about psychosocial stressors among adults aged ≥18 years (N = 1,004), overall and by race/ethnicity † — Porter Novelli View 360 survey, United States, April and May 2020 Abbreviations: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; NH = non-Hispanic/Latino. * With 95% confidence intervals shown by error bars. † Other non-Hispanic minority groups include participants who identified as Native American/Alaska Native, Asian, multiracial, or another race/ethnicity. This figure is a bar chart showing weighted prevalence estimates of stress and worry about psychosocial stressors among 1,004 adults aged ≥18 years, overall and by race/ethnicity, in the United States in April and May 2020. Estimates of stress and worry about social determinants of health included possible job loss (27.1%), ability to obtain needed health care (18.4%), not having enough food (14.4%), and housing instability (11.8%) (Figure 2). A higher percentage of Hispanic adults reported stress about not having enough food (22.7%) or stable housing (20.7%) than did White adults (11.9% and 9.2%, respectively). FIGURE 2 Weighted prevalence estimates* of self-reported stress and worry about social determinants of health among adults aged ≥18 years (N = 1,004), overall and by race/ethnicity† — Porter Novelli View 360 survey, United States, April and May 2020 Abbreviations: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; NH = non-Hispanic/Latino. * With 95% confidence intervals shown by error bars. † Other non-Hispanic minority groups include participants who identified as Native American/Alaska Native, Asian, multiracial, or another race/ethnicity. This figure is a bar chart showing weighted prevalence estimates of stress and worry about social determinants of health among 1,004 adults aged ≥18 years, overall and by race/ethnicity, in the United States in April and May 2020. Discussion Selected mental health conditions and initiation of or increase in substance use to cope with stress or emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic were commonly reported by U.S. adults responding to an opt-in survey in April and May 2020. The prevalence of current depression, suicidal thoughts/ideation, and increased or newly initiated substance use was also higher for some racial and ethnic minority groups, especially Hispanic respondents. Hispanic adults reported higher levels of stress and worry about not having enough food or stable housing than did White adults. A review of baseline mental health data from other national surveys, which used different study designs and methodologies, suggests potential increases in the mental health outcomes included in this report. Current depression among adults aged ≥18 years was estimated to be 7.0% by the 2019 National Health Interview Survey ( 6 ) and 23.5% by the 2020 Household Pulse Survey during April 23–May 5, 2020,*** compared with an estimated 28.6% of adults aged ≥18 years in this report. In the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 4.8% of U.S. adults aged ≥18 years reported serious suicidal thoughts ( 1 ), whereas 8.4% of adults in this report indicated having suicidal thoughts/ideation. Recent data from another U.S. panel survey indicated that 40.9% of respondents aged ≥18 years reported mental or behavioral health concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic, with 13.3% of respondents reporting that they increased or initiated substance use ( 7 ), compared with nearly 20% of respondents in this report. In 2019, not having enough food was reported three times more frequently by Black persons and two times more frequently by Hispanic persons than by White persons ( 8 ). Stigma, including harassment and discrimination, combined with social or structural determinants of health, such as inadequate access to safe housing, healthy food, transportation, and health care, can increase the risk for chronic stress among persons in racial and ethnic minority groups and potentially affect their mental and physical health, including contributing to poor outcomes from COVID-19 ( 3 , 4 , 7 ). Additional evidence-based measures to promote population-level mental health in adults are important, ††† including screening for mental illness (e.g., depression) ( 9 ) and substance misuse (e.g., alcohol misuse) ( 10 ). Persons identified by screening as having a higher risk for mental illness are best served when treated or referred to a health care provider for intervention, including counseling, referral to services, or treatment ( 9 , 10 ). Because a substantial proportion of mental health care occurs in primary care settings, §§§ health care access is important for addressing mental health and substance use conditions, including opioid use. Although racial and ethnic minority group members did not report more psychosocial stress related to health care access than did White persons, disparities in access to health care, including having a usual source of care, are preexisting factors that affect physical and mental health. ¶¶¶ Additional public health measures are critical to address the mental and behavioral health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. How Right Now (Qué Hacer Ahora) is a communications campaign designed to promote and strengthen the emotional well-being and resiliency of populations adversely affected by COVID-19–related stress, grief, and loss. The campaign offers evidence-based and culturally appropriate information and resources to address the emotional health needs of adults in both English and Spanish ( 4 ). CDC is working with national, tribal, state, and community partners; academic institutions; and other federal agencies to define, measure, and improve the emotional well-being and quality of life of the U.S. population across the lifespan. Additional resources are available from CDC.**** Behavioral health and addiction services resources are available through a free Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s Disaster Distress Helpline (1-800-985-5990) †††† and addiction treatment locators. §§§§ The findings in this report are subject to at least five limitations. First, all responses were self-reported and might be subject to recall, response, or social desirability biases. Second, although survey responses were weighted to be representative of U.S. population demographics, whether responses in this opt-in panel sample are representative of the broader U.S. population and which biases might have affected the findings are not known. Third, the generalizability of estimates for Hispanic populations was limited because the survey was administered in English on the Internet; therefore, Spanish-only speakers might not have been included. This report suggests that additional studies are needed, and consideration of surveys that focus on sampling Hispanic/Latino populations who speak Spanish might be helpful. Fourth, the data are cross-sectional, which precludes the ability to make causal inferences. Finally, the sample size was small (1,004), which limited certain types of analysis and resulted in small cell sizes for some comparisons. Addressing barriers or disruptions to access to and delivery of mental health and substance use services during the COVID-19 pandemic, including considerations for health care systems, practices, and providers using telehealth coverage ¶¶¶¶ ; consideration of parity in insurance coverage for mental health and substance use services; and use of virtual mental health treatment and substance use recovery groups, is important. Policies and structural programs can be adapted or developed to reduce preexisting racial and ethnic group disparities in social determinants of health (e.g., housing,***** food, access to health care, and income security) while also addressing psychosocial stressors unique to communities with large racial and ethnic minority populations. The mental health and psychosocial needs of U.S. adults, including persons in racial and ethnic minority groups, are an important consideration when promoting community resilience and preserving access to and provision of services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Summary What is already known about this topic? Racial and ethnic minority groups have experienced disparities in mental health and substance misuse related to access to care, psychosocial stress, and social determinants of health. What is added by this report? Combined prevalence estimates of current depression, initiating or increasing substance use, and suicidal thoughts/ideation among U.S. adults aged ≥18 years were 28.6%, 18.2%, and 8.4%, respectively. Hispanic adults reported a higher prevalence of psychosocial stress related to not having enough food or stable housing than did adults in other racial and ethnic groups. What are the implications for public health practice? Addressing psychosocial stressors, mental health conditions, and substance misuse among U.S. adults during the COVID-19 pandemic is important, as are interventions tailored for racial and ethnic minority groups.

This analysis of 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health data estimates the national and state-level prevalence of treatable mental health disorders and mental health care use in US children.