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      TLR4, but not TLR2, mediates IFN-beta-induced STAT1alpha/beta-dependent gene expression in macrophages.

      Nature immunology
      Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Animals, Antigens, Differentiation, genetics, metabolism, Cell Line, Chemokine CXCL10, Chemokines, CXC, DNA-Binding Proteins, Drosophila Proteins, Enzyme Activation, Escherichia coli, Female, Gene Expression, drug effects, Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3, Interferon-beta, Interleukin-1, Lipopolysaccharides, pharmacology, Macrophages, cytology, Male, Membrane Glycoproteins, agonists, Mice, Mice, Inbred C3H, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins, Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88, Nitric Oxide Synthase, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II, Phosphorylation, RNA, Messenger, Receptors, Cell Surface, Receptors, Immunologic, Receptors, Interleukin-1, STAT1 Transcription Factor, Signal Transduction, Toll-Like Receptor 2, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Toll-Like Receptors, Trans-Activators, Transcription Factors, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

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          Abstract

          Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonists induce a subset of TLR4-inducible proinflammatory genes, which suggests the use of differential signaling pathways. Murine macrophages stimulated with the TLR4 agonist Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but not with TLR2 agonists, induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1alpha (STAT1alpha) and STAT1beta, which was blocked by antibodies to interferon beta (IFN-beta) but not IFN-alpha. All TLR2 agonists poorly induced IFN-beta, which is encoded by an immediate early LPS-inducible gene. Thus, the failure of TLR2 agonists to induce STAT1-dependent genes resulted, in part, from their inability to express IFN-beta. TLR4-induced IFN-beta mRNA was MyD88- and PKR (double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase)-independent, but TIRAP (Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein)-dependent. Together, these findings provide the first mechanistic basis for differential patterns of gene expression activated by TLR4 and TLR2 agonists.

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