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      Microbiome and Microbial Biofilm Profiles of Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review

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          Abstract

          This systematic review assesses microbiologic profiles of peri-implantitis, periodontitis, and healthy implants based on studies that evaluated microbial biofilms and entire microbiomes to establish their similarities and differences.

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          The subgingival microbiome in health and periodontitis and its relationship with community biomass and inflammation.

          Loreto Abusleme, Amanda Dupuy, Nicolás DUTZAN … (2013)
          The goals of this study were to better understand the ecology of oral subgingival communities in health and periodontitis and elucidate the relationship between inflammation and the subgingival microbiome. Accordingly, we used 454-pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene libraries and quantitative PCR to characterize the subgingival microbiome of 22 subjects with chronic periodontitis. Each subject was sampled at two sites with similar periodontal destruction but differing in the presence of bleeding, a clinical indicator of increased inflammation. Communities in periodontitis were also compared with those from 10 healthy individuals. In periodontitis, presence of bleeding was not associated with different α-diversity or with a distinct microbiome, however, bleeding sites showed higher total bacterial load. In contrast, communities in health and periodontitis largely differed, with higher diversity and biomass in periodontitis. Shifts in community structure from health to periodontitis resembled ecological succession, with emergence of newly dominant taxa in periodontitis without replacement of primary health-associated species. That is, periodontitis communities had higher proportions of Spirochetes, Synergistetes, Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, among other taxa, while the proportions of Actinobacteria, particularly Actinomyces, were higher in health. Total Actinomyces load, however, remained constant from health to periodontitis. Moreover, an association existed between biomass and community structure in periodontitis, with the proportion of specific taxa correlating with bacterial load. Our study provides a global-scale framework for the ecological events in subgingival communities that underline the development of periodontitis. The association, in periodontitis, between inflammation, community biomass and community structure and their role in disease progression warrant further investigation.
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            Clinical research on peri-implant diseases: consensus report of Working Group 4.

            Mariano Sanz, Iain Chapple (2012)
            Two systematic reviews have evaluated the quality of research and reporting of observational studies investigating the prevalence of, the incidence of and the risk factors for peri-implant diseases and of experimental clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of preventive and therapeutic interventions.
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              The inflammophilic character of the periodontitis-associated microbiota.

              G Hajishengallis (2014)
              In periodontitis, dysbiotic microbial communities exhibit synergistic interactions for enhanced protection from host defenses, nutrient acquisition, and persistence in an inflammatory environment. This review discusses evidence that periodontitis-associated communities are 'inflammo-philic' (=loving or attracted to inflammation) in that they have evolved to not only endure inflammation but also to take advantage of it. In this regard, inflammation can drive the selection and enrichment of these pathogenic communities by providing a source of nutrients in the form of tissue breakdown products (e.g. degraded collagen peptides and heme-containing compounds). In contrast, those species that cannot benefit from the altered ecological conditions of the inflammatory environment, or for which host inflammation is detrimental, are likely to be outcompeted. Consistent with the concept that inflammation fosters the growth of dysbiotic microbial communities, the bacterial biomass of human periodontitis-associated biofilms was shown to increase with increasing periodontal inflammation. Conversely, anti-inflammatory treatments in animal models of periodontitis were shown to diminish the periodontal bacterial load, in addition to protecting from bone loss. The selective flourishing of inflammophilic bacteria can perpetuate inflammatory tissue destruction by setting off a 'vicious cycle' for disease progression, in which dysbiosis and inflammation reinforce each other. Therefore, the control of inflammation appears to be central to the treatment of periodontitis, as it is likely to control both dysbiosis and disease progression. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Journal of Periodontology
                Abbreviated Title: Journal of Periodontology
                Publisher: American Academy of Periodontology (AAP)
                ISSN (Print): 0022-3492
                ISSN (Electronic): 1943-3670
                Publication date Created: October 2017
                Publication date (Print): October 2017
                Volume: 88
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 1066-1089
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Unit of Basic Oral Investigation, School of Dentistry, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia.
                [2 ]Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, El Bosque University.
                [3 ]MSc Dentistry Program, School of Dentistry, Ibirapuera University, São Paulo, Brazil.
                [4 ]Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
                Article
                DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170123
                PubMed ID: 28625077
                SO-VID: 27cfd05f-965e-4638-b618-32c47508b62b
                Copyright © © 2017
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