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      Vignette methodologies for studying clinicians’ decision-making: Validity, utility, and application in ICD-11 field studies Translated title: Metodología basada en viñetas para el estudio de toma de decisiones clínicas: validez, utilidad y aplicación en los estudios de campo de la CIE-11

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          Abstract

          Vignette-based methodologies are frequently used to examine judgments and decision-making processes, including clinical judgments made by health professionals. Concerns are sometimes raised that vignettes do not accurately reflect “real world” phenomena, and that this affects the validity of results and conclusions of these studies. This article provides an overview of the defining features, design variations, strengths, and weaknesses of vignette studies as a way of examining how health professionals form clinical judgments (e.g., assigning diagnoses, selecting treatments). As a “hybrid” of traditional survey and experimental methods, vignette studies can offer aspects of both the high internal validity of experiments and the high external validity of survey research in order to disentangle multiple predictors of clinician behavior. When vignette studies are well designed to test specific questions about judgments and decision-making, they can be highly generalizable to “real life” behavior, while overcoming the ethical, practical, and scientific limitations associated with alternative methods (e.g., observation, self-report, standardized patients, archival analysis). We conclude with methodological recommendations and a description of how vignette methodologies are being used to investigate clinicians’ diagnostic decisions in case-controlled field studies for the ICD-11 classification of mental and behavioural disorders, and how these studies illustrate the preceding concepts and recommendations

          Resumen

          Las metodologías basadas en viñetas se utilizan frecuentemente para examinar los procesos de toma de decisiones, incluyendo los de profesionales sanitarios. No obstante, existen dudas sobre si las viñetas reflejan adecuadamente los fenómenos del “mundo real” permitiendo resultados y conclusiones válidas. Ofrecemos una visión de las características, variaciones de diseño, fortalezas y debilidades de estos estudios para examinar cómo los profesionales forman juicios clínicos (como el diagnóstico y tratamiento). Siendo “híbridos” de las encuestas tradicionales y los métodos experimentales, estos estudios pueden ofrecer la alta validez interna de los experimentos y la alta validez externa de las encuestas, para aislar múltiples factores predictivos del comportamiento de los clínicos. Un diseño adecuado para poner a prueba preguntas específicas acerca de los juicios y la toma de decisiones permite resultados altamente generalizables a la “vida real”, sin las limitaciones éticas, prácticas y científicas de los métodos alternativos (observación, auto-informe, pacientes estandarizados, análisis de archivos clínicos). Concluimos con recomendaciones metodológicas que se ilustran tras una descripción del uso de las metodologías de viñetas para investigar las decisiones diagnósticas de los clínicos en los estudios de campo de casos y controles para la clasificación de los trastornos mentales y del comportamiento en la CIE-11

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          Most cited references64

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          Comparison of vignettes, standardized patients, and chart abstraction: a prospective validation study of 3 methods for measuring quality.

          Better health care quality is a universal goal, yet measuring quality has proven to be difficult and problematic. A central problem has been isolating physician practices from other effects of the health care system. To validate clinical vignettes as a method for measuring the competence of physicians and the quality of their actual practice. Prospective trial conducted in 1997 comparing 3 methods for measuring the quality of care for 4 common outpatient conditions: (1) structured reports by standardized patients (SPs), trained actors who presented unannounced to physicians' clinics (the gold standard); (2) abstraction of medical records for those same visits; and (3) physicians' responses to clinical vignettes that exactly corresponded to the SPs' presentations. Setting Outpatient primary care clinics at 2 Veterans Affairs medical centers. Ninety-eight (97%) of 101 general internal medicine staff physicians, faculty, and second- and third-year residents consented to be randomized for the study. From this group, 10 physicians at each site were randomly selected for inclusion. A total of 160 quality scores (8 cases x 20 physicians) were generated for each method using identical explicit criteria based on national guidelines and local expert panels. Scores were defined as the percentage of process criteria correctly met and were compared among the 3 methods. The quality of care, as measured by all 3 methods, ranged from 76.2% (SPs) to 71.0% (vignettes) to 65.6% (chart abstraction). Measuring quality using vignettes consistently produced scores closer to the gold standard of SP scores than using chart abstraction. This pattern was robust when the scores were disaggregated by the 4 conditions (P<.001 to <.05), by case complexity (P<.001), by site (P<.001), and by level of physician training (P values from <.001 to <.05). The pattern persisted, although less dominantly, when we assessed the component domains of the clinical encounter--history, physical examination, diagnosis, and treatment. Vignettes were responsive to expected directions of variation in quality between sites and levels of training. The vignette responses did not appear to be sensitive to physicians' having seen an SP presenting with the same case. Our data indicate that quality of health care can be measured in an outpatient setting by using clinical vignettes. Vignettes appear to be a valid and comprehensive method that directly focuses on the process of care provided in actual clinical practice. Vignettes show promise as an inexpensive case-mix adjusted method for measuring the quality of care provided by a group of physicians.
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            The Use of Vignettes in Survey Research

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              Experimental Vignette Studies in Survey Research

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Int J Clin Health Psychol
                Int J Clin Health Psychol
                International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology : IJCHP
                Asociacion Espanola de Psicologia Conductual
                1697-2600
                2174-0852
                29 January 2015
                May-Aug 2015
                29 January 2015
                : 15
                : 2
                : 160-170
                Affiliations
                [a ]University of Kansas, USA
                [b ]Mississippi State University, USA
                [c ]Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ministry of Health, Mexico
                [d ]World Health Organization, Switzerland
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Clinical Child Psychology Program, Dole Human Development Center, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA mroberts@ 123456ku.edu
                Article
                S1697-2600(14)00066-0
                10.1016/j.ijchp.2014.12.001
                6224682
                30487833
                278c561e-0b63-401f-bd27-04aff4d521ab
                © 2014 Asociación Espa˜nola de Psicología Conductual. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. This is an open access article under.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 5 September 2014
                : 15 December 2014
                Categories
                Theoretical article

                vignette methodology,experimental design,clinical decision-making,international classification of diseases (icd-11),theoretical study,metodología de viñetas,diseño experimental,toma de decisiones clínicas,clasificación internacional de enfermedades (cie-11),estudio teórico

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