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Abstract
<p class="first" id="d3360599e117">To overcome the drawbacks of conventional delivery,
this review spotlights a number
of nanoscale drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, liposomes, nano micelles,
branched dendrimers, nanocapsules, and nanostructured lipid formulations for the targeted
therapy of ovarian cancer. These nanoformulations offer numerous advantages to promote
therapeutic drug delivery such as nontoxicity, biocompatibility, good biodegradability,
increased therapeutic impact than free drugs, and non-inflammatory effects. Importantly,
the development of specific ligands functionalized nanoformulations enable preferential
targeting of ovarian tumors and eventually amplify the therapeutic potential compared
to nonfunctionalized counterparts. Ovarian cancer is typically identified by biomarker
assessment such as CA125, HE4, Mucin 1, and prostatic. There is, nevertheless, a tremendous
demand for less costly, faster, and compact medical tools, both for timely detection
and ovarian cancer control. This paper explored multiple types of tumor marker-based
on nanomaterial biosensors. Initially, we mention different forms of ovarian cancer
biomarkers involving CA125, human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), mucin 1 (MUC1), and
prostate. It is accompanied by a brief description of new nanotechnology methods for
diagnosis. Nanobiosensors for evaluating ovarian cancer biomarkers can be categorized
based on electrochemical, optical, paper-based, giant magnetoresistive, and lab-on-a-chip
devices.
</p>
Nanoscale drug delivery systems using liposomes and nanoparticles are emerging technologies for the rational delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs in the treatment of cancer. Their use offers improved pharmacokinetic properties, controlled and sustained release of drugs and, more importantly, lower systemic toxicity. The commercial availability of liposomal Doxil and albumin-nanoparticle-based Abraxane has focused attention on this innovative and exciting field. Recent advances in liposome technology offer better treatment of multidrug-resistant cancers and lower cardiotoxicity. Nanoparticles offer increased precision in chemotherapeutic targeting of prostate cancer and new avenues for the treatment of breast cancer. Here we review current knowledge on the two technologies and their potential applications to cancer treatment.
We have developed a unique, integrated, on-chip technology that is capable of isolating exosomes or other types of extracellular vesicles, directly from undiluted whole-blood samples in an automated fashion. Automated exosome isolation enables biohazard containment, short processing time, reproducible results with little human intervention, and convenient integration with downstream exosome analysis units. Our method of integrating acoustics and microfluidics leads to the isolation of exosomes with high purity and yield. With its label-free, contact-free, and biocompatible nature, it offers the potential to preserve the structures, characteristics, and functions of isolated exosomes. This automated, point-of-care device can further help in advancing exosome-related biomedical research with potential applications in health monitoring, disease diagnostics, and therapeutics. Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that play an important role in many biological processes, including intercellular communications, antigen presentation, and the transport of proteins, RNA, and other molecules. Recently there has been significant interest in exosome-related fundamental research, seeking new exosome-based biomarkers for health monitoring and disease diagnoses. Here, we report a separation method based on acoustofluidics (i.e., the integration of acoustics and microfluidics) to isolate exosomes directly from whole blood in a label-free and contact-free manner. This acoustofluidic platform consists of two modules: a microscale cell-removal module that first removes larger blood components, followed by extracellular vesicle subgroup separation in the exosome-isolation module. In the cell-removal module, we demonstrate the isolation of 110-nm particles from a mixture of micro- and nanosized particles with a yield greater than 99%. In the exosome-isolation module, we isolate exosomes from an extracellular vesicle mixture with a purity of 98.4%. Integrating the two acoustofluidic modules onto a single chip, we isolated exosomes from whole blood with a blood cell removal rate of over 99.999%. With its ability to perform rapid, biocompatible, label-free, contact-free, and continuous-flow exosome isolation, the integrated acoustofluidic device offers a unique approach to investigate the role of exosomes in the onset and progression of human diseases with potential applications in health monitoring, medical diagnosis, targeted drug delivery, and personalized medicine.
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