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      Effects of Virtual Reality Physical and Cognitive Training Intervention On Cognitive Abilities of Elders with Mild Cognitive Impairment

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Virtual reality (VR) technology has become increasingly used for assessment and intervention in the neuroscience field.

          Objective:

          We aimed to investigate the effects of a VR Training System, named VRADA (VR Exercise App for Dementia and Alzheimer’s Patients), on the cognitive functioning of older people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

          Methods:

          In this intervention study, 122 older adults with MCI were randomly assigned to five groups (the VRADA group ( n = 28), a bike group ( n = 11), a physical exercise group ( n = 24), a mixed group (physical and cognitive exercise) ( n = 31), and a non-contact control group ( n = 28). The VRADA group underwent 32 physical and cognitive training sessions, performed 2 or 3 times weekly for 12 weeks in the VR environment. All participants had detailed neuropsychological assessments before and after intervention.

          Results:

          A series of linear regression models revealed that the VRADA group showed improvement or no deterioration in cognitive decline in global cognitive function (MMSE), verbal memory (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and WAIS forward test), and executive functions, mental flexibility (Trail Making Test B).

          Conclusions:

          This interventionstudy indicates that the VRADA system improves the cognitive function of elders with MCI.

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          Most cited references61

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          "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician.

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            A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia

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              Is Open Access

              Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: A population-based perspective.

              An estimated 47 million people worldwide are living with dementia in 2015, and this number is projected to triple by 2050. In the absence of a disease-modifying treatment or cure, reducing the risk of developing dementia takes on added importance. In 2014, the World Dementia Council (WDC) requested the Alzheimer's Association evaluate and report on the state of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia. This report is a summary of the Association's evaluation, which was presented at the October 2014 WDC meeting. The Association believes there is sufficient evidence to support the link between several modifiable risk factors and a reduced risk for cognitive decline, and sufficient evidence to suggest that some modifiable risk factors may be associated with reduced risk of dementia. Specifically, the Association believes there is sufficiently strong evidence, from a population-based perspective, to conclude that regular physical activity and management of cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes, obesity, smoking, and hypertension) reduce the risk of cognitive decline and may reduce the risk of dementia. The Association also believes there is sufficiently strong evidence to conclude that a healthy diet and lifelong learning/cognitive training may also reduce the risk of cognitive decline. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Alzheimers Dis Rep
                J Alzheimers Dis Rep
                ADR
                Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports
                IOS Press (Nieuwe Hemweg 6B, 1013 BG Amsterdam, The Netherlands )
                2542-4823
                29 December 2023
                2023
                : 7
                : 1
                : 1475-1490
                Affiliations
                [a ]Greek Association of Alzheimer’s Disease & Related Disorders, Alzheimer Hellas, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
                [b ]1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
                [c ]School of Medicine, Department of Hygiene, Social-Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
                [d ]Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly , Volos, Greece
                [e ]School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly , Trikala, Greece
                [f ]ORamaVR S.A., Science and Technology Park of Crete , Heraklion, Crete, Greece
                [g ]Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas (FORTH), University of Crete , Heraklion, Crete, Greece
                [h ]Biomechanical Solutions Engineering (BME), Karditsa, Greece
                [i ]Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI - AUTh) , Balkan Center, Building A, Greece
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Eleni Baldimtsi, 1 st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Post code:54124, Thessaloniki, Greece. Tel.: +306972252969; Fax: +302310994711. E-mail: empaldimt@ 123456auth.gr .
                Article
                ADR230099
                10.3233/ADR-230099
                10789285
                38225966
                269a12a5-b6a4-4da4-b090-5cff8fa4bef2
                © 2023 – The authors. Published by IOS Press

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 3 August 2023
                : 28 November 2023
                Categories
                Research Report

                alzheimer’s disease,mild cognitive impairment,multi-component intervention,physical-cognitive training,virtual reality

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