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      The ancient sarcomeric myosins found in specialized muscles

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          Abstract

          Striated muscles express an array of sarcomeric myosin motors that are tuned to accomplish specific tasks. Each myosin isoform found in muscle fibers confers unique contractile properties to the fiber in order to meet the demands of the muscle. The sarcomeric myosin heavy chain (MYH) genes expressed in the major cardiac and skeletal muscles have been studied for decades. However, three ancient myosins, MYH7b, MYH15, and MYH16, remained uncharacterized due to their unique expression patterns in common mammalian model organisms and due to their relatively recent discovery in these genomes. This article reviews the literature surrounding these three ancient sarcomeric myosins and the specialized muscles in which they are expressed. Further study of these ancient myosins and how they contribute to the functions of the specialized muscles may provide novel insight into the history of striated muscle evolution.

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          The complete genome sequence of a Neandertal from the Altai Mountains

          Kay Prüfer, Fernando Racimo, Nick Patterson … (2014)
          We present a high-quality genome sequence of a Neandertal woman from Siberia. We show that her parents were related at the level of half siblings and that mating among close relatives was common among her recent ancestors. We also sequenced the genome of a Neandertal from the Caucasus to low coverage. An analysis of the relationships and population history of available archaic genomes and 25 present-day human genomes shows that several gene flow events occurred among Neandertals, Denisovans and early modern humans, possibly including gene flow into Denisovans from an unknown archaic group. Thus, interbreeding, albeit of low magnitude, occurred among many hominin groups in the Late Pleistocene. In addition, the high quality Neandertal genome allows us to establish a definitive list of substitutions that became fixed in modern humans after their separation from the ancestors of Neandertals and Denisovans.
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            A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa.

            Michel Brunet, Franck Guy, David R. Pilbeam … (2002)
            The search for the earliest fossil evidence of the human lineage has been concentrated in East Africa. Here we report the discovery of six hominid specimens from Chad, central Africa, 2,500 km from the East African Rift Valley. The fossils include a nearly complete cranium and fragmentary lower jaws. The associated fauna suggest the fossils are between 6 and 7 million years old. The fossils display a unique mosaic of primitive and derived characters, and constitute a new genus and species of hominid. The distance from the Rift Valley, and the great antiquity of the fossils, suggest that the earliest members of the hominid clade were more widely distributed than has been thought, and that the divergence between the human and chimpanzee lineages was earlier than indicated by most molecular studies.
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              Myasthenia gravis: past, present, and future.

              B. Conti, Henry J. Kaminski, M Milani (2006)
              Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune syndrome caused by the failure of neuromuscular transmission, which results from the binding of autoantibodies to proteins involved in signaling at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). These proteins include the nicotinic AChR or, less frequently, a muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) involved in AChR clustering. Much is known about the mechanisms that maintain self tolerance and modulate anti-AChR Ab synthesis, AChR clustering, and AChR function as well as those that cause neuromuscular transmission failure upon Ab binding. This insight has led to the development of improved diagnostic methods and to the design of specific immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory treatments.
              Article 0 comments Cited 176 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lindsey A. Lee: Lindsey.A.Lee@colorado.edu
                Anastasia Karabina: Anastasia.Karabina@colorado.edu
                Lindsey J. Broadwell: Lindsey.Broadwell@colorado.edu
                Leslie A. Leinwand: Leslie.Leinwand@colorado.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Skelet Muscle
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Skelet Muscle
                Title: Skeletal Muscle
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2044-5040
                Publication date (Electronic): 5 March 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 5 March 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: 7
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000000096214564, GRID grid.266190.a, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, , University of Colorado, ; Boulder, CO USA
                [2 ]ISNI 0000000096214564, GRID grid.266190.a, BioFrontiers Institute, , University of Colorado, ; Boulder, CO USA
                [3 ]ISNI 0000000096214564, GRID grid.266190.a, Department of Biochemistry, , University of Colorado, ; Boulder, CO USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 192
                DOI: 10.1186/s13395-019-0192-3
                PMC ID: 6402096
                PubMed ID: 30836986
                SO-VID: 26091ff8-61ca-4590-9093-a5f6ac5a8d99
                Copyright © © The Author(s). 2019
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 8 January 2019
                Date accepted : 22 February 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2019

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Rheumatology
                Keywords: ancient myosins,myh7b,myh15,myh16,extraocular muscle,muscle spindles,masticatory muscle
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Rheumatology
                Keywords: ancient myosins, myh7b, myh15, myh16, extraocular muscle, muscle spindles, masticatory muscle

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