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      Digital tele-echocardiography: a look inside Translated title: Uno sguardo alla tele-ecocardiografia digitale

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          Abstract

          Digital tele-echocardiography (T-E) has the potentiality to allow relevant change in health care organization. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the scientific development around the digital T-E to explore the successful applications and individuate the limits which hamper the routine introduction in the National Health Care System (NHCS). A literature review was carried out by searching for studies from 1988 to 2008. The studies have been investigated according to four crucial issues: a) the employment of the digital T-E versus the traditional videotape registrations; b) the evolution of the telecommunication network and T-E; c) the quality assessment of the images after transmission; d) the economical legal and social impact of the T-E. The analysis showed a generalized increased diffusion of the digital T-E thanks to the wonderful development of the information technology. This diffusion was sometimes also accompanied by investigation studies on the diagnostic accuracy and on cost-benefit analysis with special care to the economical and social impact. The study examined some points which need to be improved to allow a better introduction of the T-E in the NHCS as a routine exam. Among these two were the most important. The first was the lacking of an easy and automatic methodology for the image quality assessment alternative to the currently used methods which are highly complex, expensive and needing a long time to be applied. The second was the lacking of a properly designed methodology for the health technology assessment in T-E, the latter, as it is well known is a very complex and heterogeneus system embedding parts from telematics, bioengineering, and medical physics.

          Translated abstract

          La tele-ecocardiografia (T-E) digitale rappresenta attualmente una delle applicazioni telemediche con più ampie prospettive per il Servizio Sanitario Nazionale. Il presente lavoro è una revisione degli studi di T-E con particolare attenzione sia agli elementi di successo che di insuccesso focalizzando la ricerca sugli studi di interesse effettuati tra il 1988 ed il 2008. Gli studi sono stati organizzati secondo quattro raggruppamenti ritenuti rilevanti: a) la T-E digitale in confronto ai metodi tradizionali basati su videoregistratore; b) lo sviluppo delle reti di telecomunicazione e la T-E; c) la valutazione della qualità delle immagini dopo la trasmissione; d) gli aspetti legale, sociale e economico nella T-E. Da un punto di vista generale l'analisi ha mostrato un incremento generalizzato della diffusione della T-E grazie anche al rapido sviluppo della information technology. Questa diffusione è stata spesso inoltre accompagnata da studi di accuratezza diagnostica e di analisi costo-beneficio con particolare attenzione agli aspetti economici e sociali. L'analisi condotta inoltre ha individuato alcuni punti che devono essere migliorati per permettere una più capillare introduzione della T-E nel Sistema Sanitario Nazionale. Tra questi due sono i più rilevanti. Il primo è rappresentato dalla mancanza di una metodologia semplice ed automatica per la valutazione della qualità delle immagini alternativa ai metodi attualmente usati, i quali sono complessi, costosi e necessitano di un elevato tempo di esecuzione. Il secondo è rappresentato dalla mancanza di una metodologia strutturata di health technology assessment in T-E, quest'ultimo lo ricordiamo, è un sistema complesso ed eterogeneo che comprende anche elementi di telematica, di bioingegneria e di fisica medica.

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          Most cited references71

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          Live transmission of neonatal echocardiograms from underserved areas: accuracy, patient care, and cost.

          Echocardiography is an important tool in the diagnosis and management of critically ill neonates. The authors hypothesized that live telemedicine guidance and interpretation of neonatal echocardiograms from underserved areas would improve management, prevent unnecessary transports, enhance sonographer proficiency, and result in monetary savings. Using personal computers capable of real-time transmission of echocardiograms over three integrated services digital network (ISDN) telephone lines, pediatric cardiologists interpreted echocardiograms, suggested views to sonographers, and made recommendations to neonatologists 200 miles away. Analyses of accuracy, management, echocardiogram quality, time, and costs were carried out prospectively. Sixty studies were transmitted over 7 months. Indications for echocardiography were suspected congenital heart disease (n = 29), suspected patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (n = 27), and hemodynamic instability (n = 4). Diagnoses were critical congenital heart disease (n = 4), noncritical heart disease (n = 8), PDA (n = 21), ventricular dysfunction (n = 5), persistent pulmonary hypertension (n = 3), and normal (n = 19). Videotape review confirmed all telemedicine interpretations. The echocardiogram led to immediate change in management in 25 cases (42%), and echocardiogram quality was improved in 53 studies (88%). Time from request to completion of echocardiography was 43+/-30 min. Monetary savings from five avoided transports exceeded all expenses. Live transmission of neonatal echocardiograms over three ISDN lines is diagnostic, improves patient care and echocardiography quality, and is cost effective.
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            Feasibility of remote echocardiography with satellite transmission and real-time interpretation to support medical activities in the austere medical environment.

            Echocardiography is an essential tool in the evaluation of patients with cardiac emergencies and chest trauma. The objective of our study was to establish the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of a portable satellite transmission system in the assessment of cardiac emergencies for the real-time support of mass casualty and humanitarian relief efforts. Twelve patients with various degrees of cardiac structural disease identified by conventional inhospital transthoracic echocardiography were transported to a remote portable field hospital where transthoracic echocardiography was performed with a handheld echocardiographic device. Images were then relayed by a commercial satellite to a level III trauma center where they were interpreted in real time by a cardiologist. Remote studies were recorded at the field hospital before satellite transmission and again on download at the receiving facility. The remotely acquired studies before and after satellite transmission were compared with each other and subsequently compared with conventional hospital transthoracic echocardiograms for technical quality and diagnostic accuracy using a blinded, single-reader, side-by-side comparison. Excellent agreement was found between the recorded field-site and satellite-transmitted images with an overall average of 95% concordance. When the field data acquired with the handheld device and satellite transmission were compared with conventional inhospital echocardiography, a high degree of agreement was demonstrated in overall technical quality (83%) and assessments of left ventricular ejection fraction (100%), pericardial effusion (100%), and left ventricular size (92%). This study demonstrates the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of remote, real-time echocardiography using satellite transmission for mass casualty triage or humanitarian relief efforts.
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              Emergency echocardiography telemedicine: an efficient method to provide 24-hour consultative echocardiography.

              This study sought to assess the clinical utility of interpreting emergency echocardiograms after regular working hours through a telemedicine connection to on-call cardiologists. Physician interpretation of emergency echocardiograms is often delayed during weekends, evenings or night hours. This delay places undue responsibility on less qualified personnel to interpret echocardiograms of vital importance. Digital quad-screen cine-loop format was transmitted over standard telephone lines. Clinical data and conventional and telemedicine interpretations were collected prospectively for 187 emergent or semiemergent tele-echocardiograms after regular working hours. Indications for the echocardiogram included assessment of left ventricular function, ischemia, pericardial effusion, valvular disease, heart donor status and arrhythmia. Three off-site echocardiographers received the standard echocardiogram and spectral, gray-scale and color flow Doppler images in cineloop format using a laptop computer. Laptop interpretation showed 19 technically limited studied, 153 abnormal studies and 54% with wall motion abnormalities. Overall mean agreement rate between telemedicine laptop interpretation and conventional workstation interpretation performed in blinded manner for serious disorders with classic echocardiographic findings (pulmonary hypertension, left ventricular thrombus, aortic dissection, severe valvular insufficiency and large pericardial effusion) was 99.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 96% to 99%). For serious wall motion abnormalities, the agreement rate was 96.3% (95% CI 92% to 99%). The following mean times elapsed after completion of the echocardiogram: to laptop fax report, 2.14 (range 10 min to 8 h); to dictation of videotape, 11.74 h (p < 0.001); to transcription of videotape diction, 56.6 h (p < 0.0001). After-hours emergency echocardiography telemedicine using a laptop computer is more rapid than scheduled conventional interpretation from a videotape workstation, yet diagnostic accuracy is comparable.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                aiss
                Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità
                Ann. Ist. Super. Sanità
                Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Roma )
                0021-2571
                December 2009
                : 45
                : 4
                : 357-362
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Istituto Superiore di Sanità Italy
                Article
                S0021-25712009000400003
                10.1590/s0021-25712009000400003
                25f7749d-b0ec-41e9-89c2-412fdd122e71

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0021-2571&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Care Sciences & Services

                Health & Social care
                tele-echocardiography,digital tele-echocardiography,telemedicine,tele-ecocardiografia,tele-ecocardiografia digitale,telemedicina

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