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      Relationships between Potentially Toxic Elements in intertidal sediments and their bioaccumulation by benthic invertebrates

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          Abstract

          The bioaccumulation of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) by benthic invertebrates in estuarine sediments is poorly understood. We sampled and analysed PTEs in sediments and benthic invertebrates from five sites in the Skeena Estuary (British Columbia, Canada), including sites adjacent to an abandoned cannery and a decommissioned papermill. Our aim was to elucidate baseline levels of PTE concentrations at sites that may be recovering from disturbance associated with prior industrial development and identify organisms that could be used to biomonitor the impact of future industrial developments. There was no indication that sediments of the salmon cannery were polluted, but acidic sediments adjacent to the papermill contained elevated concentrations of Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb. Benthic invertebrate community assemblages confirm that sediments have mostly recovered from prior industrial development associated with discharge of papermill sludge. Overall, we did not observe any relationship between PTE concentrations in the sediment and PTE concentrations in invertebrate tissues. However, we did observe a negative relationship between sediment pH and the Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF) of most PTEs for Oregon pill bugs ( Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis). G. oregonensis, observed at all sites, feeds on the fibers associated with the papermill discharge. Thus, G. oregonensis is a useful biomonitors for quantifying the impact of the decommissioned papermill, and are candidate biomonitors for assessing the impact of similar industrial development projects on intertidal ecosystems.

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          Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine river

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            Pacific salmon and the ecology of coastal ecosystems

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              Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability.

              As the largest container and resource of metals, sediment has a special role in the fate of metals. Factors influencing bioavailability of heavy metals in sediment have never been comprehensively considered and the sediment properties still fail to understand and even controversial. In this review, the mechanisms of sediment properties such as acid-volatile sulfides (AVS), organic matter, texture (clay, silt or sand) and geology, organism behaviors as well as those influencing the bioavailability of metals were analyzed. Under anoxic condition, AVS mainly reduce the solubility and toxicity of metals, while organic matters, Fe-Mn oxides, clay or silt can stabilize heavy metals in elevated oxidative-reductive potential (ORP). Other factors including the variation of pH, redox potential, aging as well as nutrition and the behavior of benthic organism in sediment also largely alter metals mobility and distribution. These factors are often inter-related, and various toxicity assessment methods used to evaluate the bioavailability of trace metals have been also discussed. Additionally, we expect that some novel synthetic materials like polysulfides, nano-materials, provide the substantial amendments for metals pollution in sediment.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                19 September 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 9
                : e0216767
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, England, United Kingdom
                [2 ] Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
                [3 ] North Coast Cetacean Research Initiative, Ocean Wise Conservation Association, Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada
                [4 ] Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
                [5 ] Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
                University of Waikato, NEW ZEALAND
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9835-7195
                Article
                PONE-D-19-11966
                10.1371/journal.pone.0216767
                6752810
                31536494
                25cff12b-7d14-4003-838e-735022105c33
                © 2019 Sizmur et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 27 April 2019
                : 5 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 2, Pages: 19
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000623, Royal Geographical Society;
                Award ID: Environment and Sustainability Research Grant
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004489, Mitacs;
                Award ID: Mitacs Elevate fellowship
                Award Recipient :
                This work was funded by a Royal Geographical Society Environment and Sustainability Research Grant awarded to TS and TG, https://www.rgs.org/in-the-field/in-the-field-grants/research-grants/environment-and-sustainability-research-grants/. TG was also funded by a Mitacs Elevate fellowship, https://www.mitacs.ca/en/programs/elevate. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Earth Sciences
                Geology
                Petrology
                Sediment
                Earth Sciences
                Geology
                Sedimentary Geology
                Sediment
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Pollution
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Bodies of Water
                Estuaries
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecosystems
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecosystems
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Physical Chemistry
                Chemical Deposition
                Engineering and Technology
                Manufacturing Processes
                Surface Treatments
                Chemical Deposition
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Discrete Mathematics
                Combinatorics
                Permutation
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Molluscs
                Bivalves
                Custom metadata
                All data files not contained within the paper are available from the Mendeley database (doi: 10.17632/4kjbm6fpn9.1).

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