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      Substâncias vasoativas e a modulação do sistema microvascular hepático Translated title: Vasoactive substances and the modulation of the hepatic microvascular system

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO. Revisão da filogênese e ontogênese hepáticas, do sistema microvascular hepático e da modulação do tônus deste sistema vascular por diferentes substâncias vasoativas. MÉTODO. Levantamento de artigos por meio do sistema MEDLINE e consulta a livros-texto. RESULTADO. Foram selecionados 52 trabalhos publicados entre 1949 e 1997, dos quais retiramos as informações a respeito de filogênese e ontogênese hepáticas, sistema microvascular hepático e mecanismos de controle do tônus vascular hepático. CONCLUSÃO. O fígado possui sistema vascular altamente especializado na promoção de mecanismos de troca entre hepatócitos e sangue. Diferentes fatores atuam continuamente sobre estruturas contrácteis deste sistema vascular adequando a perfusão do tecido hepático às necessidades homeostáticas de cada momento. O fígado é órgão eminentemente mantenedor do meio interno.

          Translated abstract

          PURPOSE. To review some aspects of the hepatic phylogeny and ontogeny, the hepatic microvascular system, and the modulation of the tonus on this vascular system by different vasoactive substances. METHOD. Text books and articles from MEDLINE-indexed journals were consulted. RESULTS. Fifty-two articles, that were published between 1949 and 1997, were selected. They provided us with information concerning hepatic phylogeny and ontogeny, the hepatic microvascular system, and the modulation of the tonus in this vascular system. CONCLUSION. The architecture of the hepatic microvascular system, a unique and complex vascular system, is well suited to the functions of the organ. Different factors, including endothelial vasoactive substances, participate in the modulation of the vascular resistance through the liver adequating the liver perfusion to the homeostatic needs. The liver is eminently a maintainer of internal stability.

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          Most cited references49

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          Abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension.

          Endothelium regulates vascular tone by influencing the contractile activity of vascular smooth muscle. This regulatory effect of the endothelium on blood vessels has been shown to be impaired in atherosclerotic arteries in humans and animals and in animal models of hypertension. To determine whether patients with essential hypertension have an endothelium-dependent abnormality in vascular relaxation, we studied the response of the forearm vasculature to acetylcholine (an endothelium-dependent vasodilator) and sodium nitroprusside (a direct dilator of smooth muscle) in 18 hypertensive patients (mean age [+/- SD], 50.7 +/- 10 years; 10 men and 8 women) two weeks after the withdrawal of antihypertensive medications and in 18 normal controls (mean age, 49.9 +/- 9; 9 men and 9 women). The drugs were infused at increasing concentrations into the brachial artery, and the response in forearm blood flow was measured by strain-gauge plethysmography. The basal forearm blood flow was similar in the patients and controls (mean +/- SD, 3.4 +/- 1.3 and 3.7 +/- 0.8 ml per minute per 100 ml of forearm tissue, respectively; P not significant). The responses of blood flow and vascular resistance to acetylcholine were significantly reduced in the hypertensive patients (P less than 0.0001); maximal forearm flow was 9.1 +/- 5 ml per minute per 100 ml in the patients and 20.0 +/- 8 ml per minute per 100 ml in the controls (P less than 0.0002). However, there were no significant differences between groups in the responses of blood flow and vascular resistance to sodium nitroprusside. Because the vasodilator effect of acetylcholine might also be due to presynaptic inhibition of the release of norepinephrine by adrenergic nerve terminals, the effect of acetylcholine was assessed during phentolamine-induced alpha-adrenergic blockade. Under these conditions, it was also evident that the responses to acetylcholine were significantly blunted in the hypertensive patients (P less than 0.03). Endothelium-mediated vasodilation is impaired in patients with essential hypertension. This defect may play an important part in the functional abnormalities of resistance vessels that are observed in hypertensive patients.
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            The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway.

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              Elevated blood pressure and craniofacial abnormalities in mice deficient in endothelin-1.

              The endothelin-1 (ET-1) gene was disrupted in mouse embryonic stem cells by homologous recombination to generate mice deficient in ET-1. These ET-1-/- homozygous mice die of respiratory failure at birth and have morphological abnormalities of the pharyngeal-arch-derived craniofacial tissues and organs. ET-1+/- heterozygous mice, which produce lower levels of ET-1 than wild-type mice, develop elevated blood pressure. These results suggest that ET-1 is essential for normal mouse development and may also play a physiological role in cardiovascular homeostasis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ramb
                Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira
                Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.
                Associação Médica Brasileira (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0104-4230
                1806-9282
                July 1999
                : 45
                : 3
                : 206-216
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Departamentos de Medicina e Bioquímica orgdiv2Laboratório de Hepatologia Experimental
                Article
                S0104-42301999000300004 S0104-4230(99)04500304
                256b3cbe-c608-4b01-abea-1dba95c11a9b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 52, Pages: 11
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                SciELO Brazil

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                Artigos Originais

                Bradicinina,Peptídios vasoativos,Sistema microvascular Hepático,Nitric oxide,Homeostasis,Óxido nítrico,Homeostase,Hepatic microvascular system,Vasoactive peptides,Bradykinin

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