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      Le déficit immunitaire commun variable compliqué d’une amylose: à propos d’un cas Translated title: Common variable immune deficiency complicated by amyloidosis: a case report

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          Abstract

          Le déficit immunitaire commun variable (DICV) est le plus fréquent des déficits immunitaires symptomatiques de l'adulte mais reste toutefois rare. Il est caractérisé par son spectre phénotypique extrêmement hétérogène. Nous rapportons le cas d'un patient âgé de 39 ans, qui a consulté pour des diarrhées chroniques avec une fistule anale. Le bilan biologique a révélé un syndrome inflammatoire, un syndrome de malabsorption, hypo-gammaglobulinémie à l'électrophorèse de protéines, hypo-gammaglobulinémie globale au dosage pondéral des immunoglobulines et un taux bas de lymphocytes à l'analyse des sous-populations lymphocytaires permettant ainsi de confirmer le diagnostic du déficit immunitaire commun variable (DICV) compliqué d'une amylose systémique type AA identifié par des dépôts amyloïdes sur des biopsies. L'intérêt de ce cas clinique est de ne pas méconnaitre les différentes présentations digestives du déficit immunitaire qui sont fréquentes et de l'évoquer devant une symptomatologie résistant au traitement habituel.

          Translated abstract

          Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is the most common symptomatic immunodeficiency in adults, but it remains rare. It is characterized by its extremely heterogeneous phenotypic spectrum. We here report the case of a 39-year-old patient presenting with chronic diarrhoea with anal fistula. Laboratory tests showed inflammatory syndrome and malabsorption syndrome, hypogammaglobulinemia on serum protein electrophoresis, global hypogammaglobulinemia in weight-based assignments for immunoglobulin and a low level of lymphocytes in the analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations, thus confirming the diagnosis of common variable immune deficiency (CVID) complicated by systemic AA amyloidosis identified by amyloid deposits in the biopsies. This study highlights the importance of paying attention to common gastrointestinal symptoms of immune deficiency and to suspect it in patients with treatment-resistant symptoms.

          Most cited references7

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          Infections in 252 patients with common variable immunodeficiency.

          Common variable immunodeficiency is characterized by recurrent infections and defective immunoglobulin production. The DEFI French national study prospectively enrolled adult patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia. Clinical events before inclusion were retrospectively analyzed at that time. From April 2004 through April 2007, 341 patients were enrolled, 252 of whom had received a diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency; of those, 110 were male, 142 were female, and 228 were white. The median age at first symptoms was 19 years. The median age at common variable immunodeficiency diagnosis was 33.9 years. The median delay for diagnosis was 15.6 years for the 138 patients with initial symptoms before 1990 and 2.9 years for the 114 patients with initial symptoms from 1990 to the time of the study. The most frequent initial symptoms were upper respiratory tract infections: bronchitis (in 38% of patients), sinusitis (36%), pneumonia (31%), and/or bronchiectasis (14%). Overall, 240 patients had respiratory symptoms. Pneumonia was reported in 147 patients; Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were documented in 46 and 17 cases, respectively. Recurrent or chronic diarrhea was reported in 118 patients. Giardia (35 cases), Salmonella (19), and Campylobacter (19) infections were more frequent in patients with undetectable serum immunoglobulin A (P<.001). Sixteen patients developed opportunistic infections. Persistent infections and requirement for antibiotics despite immunoglobulin substitution correlated with severe defect of memory switched B cells (P=.003) but not with immunoglobulin G trough levels (P=.55). Although reduced within the past decade, the delay of diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency remains unacceptable. Recurrence of upper respiratory tract infection or pneumonia should lead to systematic evaluation of serum immunoglobulin.
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            The enteropathy associated with common variable immunodeficiency: the delineated frontiers with celiac disease.

            The enteropathy associated with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is poorly characterized, and its possible relationships with well-defined causes of enteropathy, such as celiac sprue (CS), remain debated. We aimed to assess the clinical and histopathological features of the enteropathy associated with CVID. The medical files of 50 CVID patients with gastrointestinal symptoms were analyzed retrospectively. Histological, phenotypic, and molecular analysis of intestinal endoscopic specimens was centrally performed. Chronic diarrhea was the most frequent gastrointestinal symptom (92%), and biological evidence of malabsorption was observed in 54% of patients. Chronic gastritis associated or not with pernicious anemia and microscopic colitis were the most frequently observed histopathological features in gastric and colonic mucosa, respectively. Small-bowel biopsies available in 41 patients showed moderate increase in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in 31 patients (75.6%) and villous atrophy in 21 patients (51%). Distinctive features from CS were a profound depletion in plasma cells and follicular lymphoid hyperplasia. Presence of peripheral blood CD8+ hyperlymphocytosis was predictive of intestinal intraepithelial hyperlymphocytosis. Intravenous (i.v.) immunoglobulin (Ig) therapy had no effect on enteropathy-related symptoms. Gluten-free diet improved only two out of 12 patients with villous atrophy, whereas all patients (7/7) responded to steroid therapy. Several distinctive features differentiate CVID enteropathy from other causes of enteropathy including CS. Replacement i.v. Ig therapy is insufficient to improve gastrointestinal symptoms. Steroids are effective in reducing inflammation and restoring mucosal architecture.
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              ON THE BINDING OF CONGO RED BY AMYLOID

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Pan Afr Med J
                Pan Afr Med J
                PAMJ
                The Pan African Medical Journal
                The African Field Epidemiology Network
                1937-8688
                16 August 2022
                2022
                : 42
                : 286
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Hôpital Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Maroc
                Author notes
                [& ] Corresponding author: Ibtissam Jbara, Service d’Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Hôpital Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Maroc. ibtissam.jbara.g@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                PAMJ-42-286
                10.11604/pamj.2022.42.286.29909
                9636741
                36405668
                25544e81-4eb8-43fc-baf6-486bbb577fb5
                Copyright: Ibtissam Jbara et al.

                The Pan African Medical Journal (ISSN: 1937-8688). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 01 June 2021
                : 04 July 2022
                Categories
                Case Report

                Medicine
                déficit immunitaire commun variable,amylose,dilatation des bronches,granulome,cas clinique,common variable immune deficiency,amyloidosis,bronchiectasis,granuloma,case report

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