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      A window into the brain mechanisms associated with noise sensitivity

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          Abstract

          Noise sensitive individuals are more likely to experience negative emotions from unwanted sounds and they show greater susceptibility to adverse effects of noise on health. Noise sensitivity does not originate from dysfunctions of the peripheral auditory system, and it is thus far unknown whether and how it relates to abnormalities of auditory processing in the central nervous system. We conducted a combined electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography (M/EEG) study to measure neural sound feature processing in the central auditory system in relation to the individual noise sensitivity. Our results show that high noise sensitivity is associated with altered sound feature encoding and attenuated discrimination of sound noisiness in the auditory cortex. This finding makes a step towards objective measures of noise sensitivity instead of self-evaluation questionnaires and the development of strategies to prevent negative effects of noise on the susceptible population.

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          Stochastic resonance and sensory information processing: a tutorial and review of application.

          To review the stochastic resonance phenomena observed in sensory systems and to describe how a random process ('noise') added to a subthreshold stimulus can enhance sensory information processing and perception. Nonlinear systems need a threshold, subthreshold information bearing stimulus and 'noise' for stochastic resonance phenomena to occur. These three ingredients are ubiquitous in nature and man-made systems, which accounts for the observation of stochastic resonance in fields and conditions ranging from physics and engineering to biology and medicine. The stochastic resonance paradigm is compatible with single-neuron models or synaptic and channels properties and applies to neuronal assemblies activated by sensory inputs and perceptual processes as well. Here we review a few of the landmark experiments (including psychophysics, electrophysiology, fMRI, human vision, hearing and tactile functions, animal behavior, single/multiunit activity recordings). Models and experiments show a peculiar consistency with known neuronal and brain physiology. A number of naturally occurring 'noise' sources in the brain (e.g. synaptic transmission, channel gating, ion concentrations, membrane conductance) possibly accounting for stochastic resonance phenomena are also reviewed. Evidence is given suggesting a possible role of stochastic resonance in brain function, including detection of weak signals, synchronization and coherence among neuronal assemblies, phase resetting, 'carrier' signals, animal avoidance and feeding behaviors. Stochastic resonance is a ubiquitous and conspicuous phenomenon compatible with neural models and theories of brain function. The available evidence suggests cautious interpretation, but justifies research and should encourage neuroscientists and clinical neurophysiologists to explore stochastic resonance in biology and medical science.
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            Cardiovascular effects of environmental noise exposure

            The role of noise as an environmental pollutant and its impact on health are being increasingly recognized. Beyond its effects on the auditory system, noise causes annoyance and disturbs sleep, and it impairs cognitive performance. Furthermore, evidence from epidemiologic studies demonstrates that environmental noise is associated with an increased incidence of arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Both observational and experimental studies indicate that in particular night-time noise can cause disruptions of sleep structure, vegetative arousals (e.g. increases of blood pressure and heart rate) and increases in stress hormone levels and oxidative stress, which in turn may result in endothelial dysfunction and arterial hypertension. This review focuses on the cardiovascular consequences of environmental noise exposure and stresses the importance of noise mitigation strategies for public health.
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              The mismatch negativity (MMN): towards the optimal paradigm.

              Recent studies have shown that the mismatch negativity (MMN), a change-specific component of the event-related potential (ERP), for particular auditory features is degraded in different clinical populations. This suggests that the MMN could, in principle, reflect the whole profile and extent of the central auditory deficit. In the present article, we tested a new MMN paradigm allowing one to obtain MMNs for several auditory attributes in a short time. MMN responses to changes in frequency, intensity, duration, location, and to a silent gap occasionally inserted in the middle of a tone were compared between the traditional 'oddball' paradigm (a single type of auditory change in each sequence) and the new paradigm (two versions) in which all the 5 types of changes appeared within the same sequence. The MMNs obtained in the new paradigm were equal in amplitude to those in the traditional MMN paradigm. We propose a new paradigm that can provide 5 different MMNs in the same time in which usually only one MMN is obtained. The new paradigm enables one to objectively determine the profile of different auditory discrimination abilities within a very short recording time.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group
                2045-2322
                15 December 2016
                2016
                : 6
                : 39236
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
                [2 ]BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland
                [3 ]Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
                [4 ]Center for Music in the Brain (MIB), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus, DK-8000, Denmark
                [5 ]Cicero Learning, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
                Author notes
                Article
                srep39236
                10.1038/srep39236
                5157031
                27976708
                254bce42-1603-47be-88e5-5565a68a8539
                Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 20 June 2016
                : 21 November 2016
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