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      A Longitudinal Cohort Study Investigating Inadequate Preparation and Death and Dying in Nursing Students: Implications for the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic

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          Abstract

          Aims and Objectives

          To investigate how changes in the levels of preparedness and experiences of death and dying influence nursing students’ mental health.

          Background

          The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to cause significant trauma in the nursing population. The lack of preparation, in combination with a substantial loss of life, may have implications for the longer-term mental health of the nursing workforce. Nursing students have, in many cases, been an important part of the emergency response.

          Design

          A longitudinal cohort study was conducted in the academic year 2014/15 with data collected at two time points. There was a 7-month time period between data collection.

          Methods

          Participants completed paper-based questionnaires measuring demographics, academic stressors, clinical stressors, and mental health. 358 nursing students at time point one and 347 at time point two (97% retention) completed the survey.

          Results

          Inadequate preparation (OR: 1.783) and the inadequate preparation x death and dying interaction term (OR: 4.115) significantly increased risk of mental health problems over time. Increased death and dying alone did not increase mental health risk.

          Conclusion

          The results of this study suggest that it is not the increase in death and dying per se that causes mental health difficulties, but that it is instead the experience of high levels of death and dying in combination with inadequate preparation. The data are considered within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, with both inadequate preparation and the scale of death and dying being two significant stressors during the emergency period.

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          Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019

          Jianbo Lai, Simeng Ma, Ying Wang … (2020)
          Key Points Question What factors are associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers in China who are treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Findings In this cross-sectional study of 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in multiple regions of China, a considerable proportion of health care workers reported experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress, especially women, nurses, those in Wuhan, and front-line health care workers directly engaged in diagnosing, treating, or providing nursing care to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Meaning These findings suggest that, among Chinese health care workers exposed to COVID-19, women, nurses, those in Wuhan, and front-line health care workers have a high risk of developing unfavorable mental health outcomes and may need psychological support or interventions.
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            Critical Supply Shortages — The Need for Ventilators and Personal Protective Equipment during the Covid-19 Pandemic

            Megan Ranney, Valerie Griffeth, Ashish Jha (2020)
            New England Journal of Medicine
            Article 0 comments Cited 893 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic

              Neil Greenberg, Mary Docherty, Sam Gnanapragasam … (2020)
              Article 0 comments Cited 843 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychol.
                Title: Frontiers in Psychology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-1078
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 August 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 25 August 2020
                Volume: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2206
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University , Birmingham, United Kingdom
                [2] 2School of Psychology, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
                [3] 3School of Psychology, Cardiff University , Cardiff, United Kingdom
                Author notes

                Edited by: Nuno Barbosa Rocha, Politécnico do Porto, Portugal

                Reviewed by: Martin Teufel, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Eleftherios Spartalis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Delfina Janiri, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

                *Correspondence: John Galvin, john.galvin@ 123456bcu.ac.uk

                This article was submitted to Psychology for Clinical Settings, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02206
                PMC ID: 7477344
                PubMed ID: 32982890
                SO-VID: 24daaf8f-5813-4ae7-8e57-201469bd1607
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 Galvin, Richards and Smith.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 24 June 2020
                Date accepted : 05 August 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 6, Words: 0
                Categories
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Brief Research Report

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: nursing students,mental health,death and dying,covid-19,longitudinal
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: nursing students, mental health, death and dying, covid-19, longitudinal

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