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      Role of Built Environments in Physical Activity, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease

      1 , 1 , 1 , 1
      Circulation
      Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

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          Travel and the Built Environment

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            An ecological approach to creating active living communities.

            The thesis of this article is that multilevel interventions based on ecological models and targeting individuals, social environments, physical environments, and policies must be implemented to achieve population change in physical activity. A model is proposed that identifies potential environmental and policy influences on four domains of active living: recreation, transport, occupation, and household. Multilevel research and interventions require multiple disciplines to combine concepts and methods to create new transdisciplinary approaches. The contributions being made by a broad range of disciplines are summarized. Research to date supports a conclusion that there are multiple levels of influence on physical activity, and the active living domains are associated with different environmental variables. Continued research is needed to provide detailed findings that can inform improved designs of communities, transportation systems, and recreation facilities. Collaborations with policy researchers may improve the likelihood of translating research findings into changes in environments, policies, and practices.
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              The built environment and obesity.

              Obesity results from a complex interaction between diet, physical activity, and the environment. The built environment encompasses a range of physical and social elements that make up the structure of a community and may influence obesity. This review summarizes existing empirical research relating the built environment to obesity. The Medline, PsychInfo, and Web of Science databases were searched using the keywords "obesity" or "overweight" and "neighborhood" or "built environment" or "environment." The search was restricted to English-language articles conducted in human populations between 1966 and 2007. To meet inclusion criteria, articles had to 1) have a direct measure of body weight and 2) have an objective measure of the built environment. A total of 1,506 abstracts were obtained, and 20 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most articles (84%) reported a statistically significant positive association between some aspect of the built environment and obesity. Several methodological issues were of concern, including the inconsistency of measurements of the built environment across studies, the cross-sectional design of most investigations, and the focus on aspects of either diet or physical activity but not both. Given the importance of the physical and social contexts of individual behavior and the limited success of individual-based interventions in long-term obesity prevention, more research on the impact of the built environment on obesity is needed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Circulation
                Circulation
                Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
                0009-7322
                1524-4539
                February 07 2012
                February 07 2012
                : 125
                : 5
                : 729-737
                Affiliations
                [1 ]From the Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (J.F.S.); Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (M.F.F.); Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (D.A.R.); and Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington (B.E.S.).
                Article
                10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.969022
                3315587
                22311885
                24a783f8-e3d7-4090-b3b7-235d242610cf
                © 2012
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