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      Lipodystrophy in HIV/AIDS patients with different levels of physical activity while on antiretroviral therapy Translated title: Lipodistrofia em pacientes com HIV/AIDS com diferentes hábitos de atividade física, em uso de terapia antirretroviral

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          Abstract

          INTRODUCTION: Lipodystrophy is related to the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and can cause aesthetic stigma and increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Physical activity may be a valid alternative for the treatment and prevention of lipodystrophy. However, few studies address this issue. The objective of this study was to assess lipodystrophy related to highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV/AIDS patients with different physical activity habits. METHODS: The sample was composed of 42 HIV/AIDS patients taking HAART medication who were visiting the Counseling and Testing Center (CTC) in Presidente Prudente. The level of physical activity was obtained using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ); lipodystrophy was diagnosed using a self-report questionnaire that was administered to the patient and then followed up by medical confirmation. The percentage of trunk fat was estimated by dual X-Ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Information about sex, age, length of HAART treatment, CD4+ T lymphocyte count (CD4) and viral load was also collected. RESULTS: A higher prevalence of lipodystrophy was observed in the sedentary group when compared to the physically active group, which indicates that physical activity may be a protective factor in relation to the occurrence of lipodystrophy. The group that had a higher CD4 had a higher proportion of lipodystrophy and a higher proportion of younger and physically active individuals. The patients with lipodystrophy had a higher percentage of trunk fat and were more sedentary than active individuals. CONCLUSIONS: A physically active lifestyle has a protective effect against the occurrence of lipodystrophy related to HAART.

          Translated abstract

          INTRODUÇÃO: A lipodistrofia relacionada ao uso de terapia antirretroviral (TARV) pode causar estigma estético e elevar o risco de doenças cardiovasculares. A atividade física pode ser uma alternativa válida para o tratamento e prevenção da lipodistrofia. Entretanto, poucos estudos tratam dessa temática. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de lipodistrofia relacionada ao uso de TARV em portadores de HIV/AIDS, com diferentes hábitos de atividades físicas. MÉTODOS: A casuística foi formada por 42 portadores de HIV em uso de TARV, do Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento de Presidente Prudente. Para obtenção do nível de atividade física aplicou-se o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ); a lipodistrofia foi diagnosticada pelo autorrelato do paciente e a confirmação médica. O percentual de gordura de tronco foi estimado pela absortometria por raio-X de dupla energia (DEXA). Foram coletados também dados referentes a sexo, idade, tempo de uso de TARV, valores de CD4 e carga viral. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se maior ocorrência de lipodistrofia no grupo sedentário quando comparado ao ativo, além de fator protetor da prática da atividade física em relação à ocorrência da lipodistrofia. O grupo com valores mais elevados de CD4 também apresentou maior proporção de sujeitos com lipodistrofia, além de maior proporção de ativos e de indivíduos com menor faixa etária. Os acometidos pela lipodistrofia apresentaram maiores valores de percentual de gordura de tronco, bem como, os sedentários em relação aos ativos. CONCLUSÕES: O estilo de vida fisicamente ativa resultou em efeito protetor para ocorrência da lipodistrofia relacionada ao uso da TARV.

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          Metabolic function and the prevalence of lipodystrophy in a population of HIV-infected African subjects receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.

          This study measured the prevalence of lipodystrophy and the metabolic effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-infected African subjects. Prevalence was measured in 571 Rwandans receiving HAART for > or = 6 months. Metabolic variables were measured in 100 HIV-positive adults with lipodystrophy, 50 HIV-positive nonlipodystrophic adults, and 50 HIV-negative controls. A HAART regimen of stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine was used by 81.6% of subjects; none received protease inhibitors. Lipodystrophy was observed in 34% (48.5% in urban groups and 17.3% in rural groups) of subjects, with a prevalence of 69.6% in those receiving HAART for >72 weeks. Peripheral lipoatrophy combined with abdominal lipohypertrophy was observed in 72% of lipodystrophic subjects. HIV-positive adults with lipodystrophy had a significantly higher waist-to-hip ratio (WHR; 0.99 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.84 +/- 0.03: P < 0.0005) than HIV-positive nonlipodystrophic adults. Total cholesterol concentrations (median [interquartile range], mmol/L) were significantly higher in the HIV-positive adults with lipodystrophy (3.60 [1.38]) than in HIV-positive nonlipodystrophic adults (3.19 [0.65]; P < 0.005) and control (3.13 [0.70]; P < 0.0005) groups. Impaired fasting glucose was observed in 18% of HIV-positive adults with lipodystrophy, 16% of HIV-positive nonlipodystrophic adults, and 2% of controls, but insulin levels did not differ. African subjects with lipodystrophy have increased WHR, glucose, and cholesterol levels. Glucose concentrations are also elevated in nonlipodystrophic HIV-positive subjects. Therefore, factors other than body fat redistribution contribute to the glucose intolerance.
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            Qualidade de vida de pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids em São Paulo

            OBJETIVO: Analisar a qualidade de vida de pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, desenvolvido em serviço ambulatorial para Aids, com base em amostragem consecutiva, realizado no segundo semestre de 2002. Selecionaram-se 365 pessoas com idade >18 anos que passaram por consulta com o infectologista. As variáveis sociodemográficas, de consumo recente de drogas e as condições clínicas foram obtidas por meio de questionários e a qualidade de vida por meio do WHOQOL-bref. RESULTADOS: Os escores dos domínios físico, psicológico, relações sociais e meio ambiente apresentaram valores semelhantes. Foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas das médias nos escores do domínio meio ambiente segundo cor da pele, com os pretos e os pardos obtendo escores menores. As mulheres apresentaram escores menores nos domínios psicológico e meio ambiente. Maior renda foi significativa na obtenção de maior escore em todos os domínios de qualidade de vida, exceto no domínio relações sociais. Os indivíduos com número abaixo de 200 células CD4+/mm³ de sangue apresentaram menores escores no domínio físico. Em todos os domínios, os escores foram menores com diferenças significativas para pessoas em seguimento ou com indicação de seguimento psiquiátrico. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar de diferenças por sexo, cor da pele, renda e condições de saúde mental e imunológica, os portadores de Aids têm melhor qualidade de vida - física e psicológica - que outros pacientes, mas pior no domínio de relações sociais. Neste último, podem estar refletidos os processos de estigma e discriminação associados às dificuldades na revelação diagnóstica em espaços sociais e para uma vida sexual tranqüila.
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              Redefining lipodystrophy syndrome: risks and impact on clinical decision making.

              Lipodystrophy syndrome comprises several conditions (lipoatrophy; lipohypertrophy; mixed syndrome, often associated with dyslipidemia; and insulin resistance). These conditions, though sometimes occurring together, may occur independently, suggesting a complex, multifactorial cause. To elucidate the relative contribution of risk factors of drug, disease, and host to fat redistribution, large epidemiologic studies using multivariate analysis were reviewed. In studies assessing lipoatrophy, the most common statistically significant risk factors were use of specific nucleoside analogues, increasing age, presence of markers of disease severity (CD4/HIV RNA), duration of therapy, and white race. In studies assessing lipohypertrophy, the most common statistically significant risk factors were duration of therapy, markers of disease severity, and protease inhibitor use. The pathogenesis of these disorders is complex, but recent hypotheses and evidence suggest that impairment to adipocyte differentiation, impairment of adipokine regulation, unopposed production of proinflammatory cytokines, dysregulation of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial toxicity may play a role.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rsbmt
                Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical
                Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical - SBMT (Uberaba )
                1678-9849
                August 2011
                : 44
                : 4
                : 420-424
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Estadual Paulista Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Estadual Paulista Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal de São Paulo Brazil
                [4 ] Universidade Federal de São Paulo Brazil
                [5 ] Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento
                [6 ] Universidade Estadual Paulista Brazil
                Article
                S0037-86822011000400004
                10.1590/S0037-86822011000400004
                24a0d7de-a8e1-499a-9da4-fc9f4de64324

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0037-8682&lng=en
                Categories
                TROPICAL MEDICINE

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Body composition,Lipodystrophy,HIV/AIDS,Physical activity,Composição corporal,Lipodistrofia,Atividade física

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